VIDEOSURGERY IN DOGS AND CATS – LITERATURE REVIEW
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.35172/rvz.2020.v27.456Keywords:
arthroscopy, endoscopy, veterinary medicine, thoracoscopy, videolaparoscopy.Abstract
Video surgery is a resource for minimally invasive surgeries that makes it possible to minimize surgical trauma, risk of infection, postoperative pain and recovery time, being widely used in human patients, and over the years it has used in Veterinary Medicine. Since the use of video surgery is considered recent in Veterinary Medicine, the aim of the present study was to conduct a literature review on the use of video surgery in dogs and cats, in its various modalities such as endoscopy, arthroscopy, thoracic and abdominal laparoscopy, and contribute with updated information on the topic. Video surgery in dogs and cats allows diagnosis and treatment of several diseases and its use has potential for growth in Veterinary Medicine, since the procedure was considered safe and minimally invasive, however, the high value of the procedure makes the demand for these services to be low.
References
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2. Jones K, Case JB, Evans B, Monnet E. Evaluation of the economic and clinical feasibility of introducing rigid endoscopy and laparoscopy to a small animal general practice. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association. 2017; 250 (7): 795-800.
3. Becmeur F. Videosurgery — the second generation. Journal of Pediatric Surgery. 2011; 46 (2): 275-279.
4. Wildt DE, Levinson CJ, Seager SW. Laparoscopic exposure and sequential observation of the ovary of the cycling bitch. The Anatomical Record. 1977; 189 (3): 443-449.
5. Wildt DE, Seager SW, Bridges CH. Sterilization of the male dog and cat by laparoscopic occlusion of the ductus deferens. American Journal of Veterinary Research. 1981; 42 (11): 1888-1897.
6. Wildt DE, Lawler DF. Laparoscopic sterilization of the bitch and queen by uterine horn occlusion. American Journal of Veterinary Research.1985; 46: 864-869.
7. Radhakrishnan A. Advances in flexible endoscopy. Veterinary Clinics of North America. Small Animal Practice. 2016; 46 (1): 85-112.
8. Souza FW, Brum MV, Oliveira MT., Feranti JPS, Correa RKR, Idalencio R, Duda NCB, Quadros AM, Huppes RR. Ovariohisterectomia por videocirurgia (via NOTES vaginal híbrida), celiotomia ou miniceliotomia em cadelas. Ciência Rural. 2014; 44 (3): 510-516.
9. Linhares MT, Feranti JPS, Coradini GP, Martins LR, Martins AR, Sarturi VZ, Gavioli FB, Silva MAM, Ataíde MW, Teixeira LG, Brun MV. Canine ovariectomy by hybrid or total natural orifice transluminal endoscopic surgery: technical feasibility study and pain assessment. Veterinary Surgery.2019; 48 (1): 74-82.
10. Basso PC, Raiser AG, Müller DCM, Silva MAM, Brun MV. Atualidades em videocirurgia na medicina veterinária: cirurgia endoscópica transluminal por orifícios naturais (NOTES) e cirurgia laparoendoscópia por único portal (LESS). Medvep - Revista Científica de Medicina Veterinária - Pequenos Animais e Animais de Estimação. 2012; 10 (32): 82-89.
11. Gualtieri M. Esophagoscopy. The Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice. 2001; 31 (4): 605-630.
12. Zoran DL. Gastroduodenoscopy in the dog and cat. The Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice, Philadelphia. 2001; 31 (3): 631-656.
13. Deroux SJ, Sgarlato A. Upper and lower gastrointestinal endoscopy mortality: the medical examiner’s perspective. Forensic Science, Medicine, and Pathology. 2012; 8 (1): 4-12.
14. Nakamura T, Terano A. Capsule endoscopy: past, present, and future. Journal of Gastroenterology. 2008; 43 (2): 93-99.
15. Mabry K, Hill T, Marks SL, Hardy BT. Use of video capsule endoscopy to identify gastrointestinal lesions in dogs with microcytosis or gastrointestinal hemorrhage. Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine. 2019; 33 (5): 1964-1969.
16. Washabaum RJ, Day MJ, Willard MD, Hall EJ, Jergens AE, Mansell J, Minami T, Bilzer TW. Endoscopic, biopsy, and histopathologic guidelines for the evaluation of gastrointestinal inflammation in companion animals. Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine. 2010; 24 (1): 10-26.
17. Silva ECS, Pina FLS, Teixeira MW. Diagnóstico e tratamento da estenose esofágica pela via endoscópica em cão: relato de caso. Ciência Animal Brasileira. 2010; 11 (2): 465-470.
18. Klug WA, Neto OS, Fonoff AM, Fang CB, Candelaria PA, Capelhuchnik P. Preparo do intestino para colonoscopia com lactulona a 8%: modo da Santa Casa de São Paulo. Revista Brasileira de Coloproctologia. 2008; 28 (1): 84-88.
19. Petre SL, McClaran JK, Bergman PJ, Monette S. Safety and efficacy of laparoscopic hepatic biopsy in dogs: 80 cases (2004-2009). Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association. 2012; 240 (2): 181-185.
20. Milovancev M, Townsend KL. Current concepts in minimally invasive surgery of the abdomen. Veterinary Clinics of North America. Small Animal Practice.2015; 45 (3): 507-522.
21. MCdevitt HL, Mayhew PD, Giuffrida MA, Brown DC, Culp WTN, Runge J.J. Short-term clinical outcome of laparoscopic liver biopsy in dogs: 106 cases (2003–2013). Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association. 2016; 248 (1): 83-90.
22. Brückner M. Laparoscopy for the treatment of ovarian remnant syndrome in four dogs and two cats. Tierärztliche Praxis. Ausgabe K, Kleintiere /Heimtiere. 2016; 44 (2): 86-92.
23. Phipps WE, Goodman AR, Sullivan M. Removal of ovarian remnant using minimally invasive laparoscopic techniques in four dogs. Journal of Small Animal Practice. 2016; 57 (4): 214-216.
24. Aryazand Y, Dehghani S, Pedram MS, Ashegh H, Bangesh MY. Laparoscopic Assisted Splenectomy in Dogs: Introducing the Intracorporeal Ligature Placement Technique. Iranian Journal of Veterinary Surgery. 2015; 10 (2): 31-37.
25. Wright T, Singh A, Mayhew PD, Runge JJ, Brisson BA, Oblak ML, Case JB. Laparoscopic splenectomy assisted in dogs: 18 cases (2012-2014). Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association. 2016; 248 (8): 916-922.
26. Manassero M, Viateau V. Advances in laparoscopic payment techniques for dogs: the past, present and future. The Veterinary Record.2018; 183 (24): 742-744.
27. Mayhew PD, Sutton JS, Singh A, Runge JJ, Case JB, Griffin MA, Giuffrida MA. Complications and short-term outcomes associated with single-port laparoscopic splenectomy in dogs. Veterinary Surgery. 2018; 47 (1): 67-74.
28. Otomo A, Singh A, Valverde A, Beaufrere H, Mrotz V, Kilkenny J, Linden AZ. Comparison of the result in dogs submitted to laparoscopic bowel surgery of single incision and open laparotomy for simple removal of the intestinal foreign body. Veterinary Surgery. 2018; 48 (1): 83-90.
29. Lawall T, Beck CAC, Queiroga LB, Dos Santos F.R. Minilaparoscopic ovariohysterectomy in healthy cats. Ciência Rural. 2017; 47 (2): 1-7.
30. Matyjasik H, Adamiak Z, Pesta W, Zhalniarovich Y. Laparoscopic procedures in dogs and cats. Polish Journal of Veterinary Sciences.2011; 14 (2): 305-316.
31. Ko J, Jeong J, Hyunglak Son SL, Kweon OK, Kim WH. Feasibility of single-port retroperitoneoscopic adrenalectomy in dogs. Veterinary Surgery.2018; 47 (1): 75-83.
32. Gasch EG, Monnet E. Comparison of Single Door Access versus Multiple Port Access Systems in Laparoscopy Eletive: 98 Dogs (2005-2014). Veterinary Surgery. 2015; 44 (7): 895-899.
33. Anderson SJ, Fransson BA. Complications related to entry techniques for laparoscopy in 159 dogs and cats. Veterinary Surgery. 2019; 48 (5): 707-714.
34. Austin B, Lanz OI, Hamilton SM, Broadstone RV, Martin RA. Laparoscopic ovariohysterectomy in nine dogs. Journal of the American Animal Hospital Association. 2003; 39 (4): 391-396.
35. Melo DP, Aleixo GAS, Coelho MCOC. Laparoscopia em cães e gatos - Revisão de Literatura. Medicina Veterinária-UFRPE. 2010; 4 (1): 22-28.
36. Leme MC, Natalini CC, Beck CADC, Brun MV, Contesini EA, Lima SDDA, Stedile R. Pneumoperitoneum using carbon dioxide associated with three positions for laparoscopy in dogs. Ciência Rural. 2002; 32 (2): 281–287.
37. Passos RFB, Aquino JO, Oliveira GGS, Sanches RC, Maniscalco CL. Viabilidade da inspeção traqueobrônquica, por videoendoscopia, em cães. Brazilian Journal of Veterinary Research and Animal Science. 2004; 41(5): 344–348.
38. Benvenho ACR, Guedes RL, Dornbusch PT, Benites NR, Stopiglia AJ. Correlação De Achados Microbiológicos E Citológicos Coletados Por Broncoscopia De Cães Com Colapso Traqueal. Archives of Veterinary Science. 2018; 23 (2): 17–26.
39. Basso PC, Barcellos HHA, Brun MV, Rodrigues LB, Bortolini CE, Melatti L, Scalco Neto JF, Bastiani PV, Valle SDF, Dos Santos LR. Lavado traqueobrônquico auxiliado por endoscópio rígido ou por tubo endotraqueal em cães. Ciência Rural. 2008; 38 (3): 723–728.
40. Peláez MJ, Roselló GC. Toracoscopia clínica en pequeños animales: principios e indicaciones. Argos: Informativo Veterinario. 2018; 200: 48-54.
41. Lin J, Iannettoni MD. The role of thoracoscopy in the management of lung cancer. Surgical oncology. 2003; 12 (3): 195-200.
42. Atencia S, Doyle RS, Whitley NT. Thoracoscopic pericardial window for management of pericardial effusion in 15 dogs. Journal of Small Animal Practice. 2013; 54 (11): 564–569.
43. Case JB. Advances in video-assisted thoracic surgery, thoracoscopy. Veterinary Clinics of North America. Small Animal Practice. 2016; 46 (1): 147-169.
44. Mayhew PD, Dunn M, Berent A. Surgical Views: Thoracoscopy: common techniques in small animals. Compendium Continuing Education for Veterinarians. 2013; 35 (2): 1-7.
45. Lansdowne JL, Monnet E, Twedt DC, Dernell WS. Thoracoscopic lung lobectomy for treatment of lung tumors in dogs. Veterinary Surgery. 2005; 34 (5): 530-535.
46. Scott JE, Singh A, Case JB, Mayhew PD, Runge JJ. Determination of optimal location for thoracoscopic-assisted pulmonary surgery for lung lobectomy in cats. American Journal of Veterinary Research. 2019; 80 (11): 1050-1054.
47. Basso PC, Raiser AG, Brun MV, Guizzo Junior N, Feranti JPS, Motta AC, Bortolini CE, Muller DCM. Biópsia pulmonar incisional por toracoscopia paraxifoide transdiafragmática com dois portais em cães. Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira. 2010; 30 (7): 566-572.
48. Radlinsky MG. Complications and need for conversion from thoracoscopy to thoracotomy in small animals. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice. 2009; 39 (5): 977-984.
49. Berent A. Cystourethroscopy in the cat. What do you need? When do you need it? How do you do it? Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery. 2014; 16 (1): 34–41.
50. Sycamore KF, Poorbaugh VR, Pullin SS. Comparison of urine and bladder or urethral mucosal biopsy culture obtained by transurethral cystoscopy in dogs with chronic lower urinary tract disease: 41 cases (2002 to 2011). The Journal of Small Animal Practice. 2014; 55 (7): 364–368.
51. Lulich JP. Endoscopic vaginoscopy in the dog. Theriogenology. 2006; 66 (3): 588– 591.
52. Morgan M, Forman M. Cystoscopy in dogs and cats. The Veterinary clinics of North America. Small animal practice.2015; 45 (4): 665–701.
53. Libermann SV, Doran IC, Bille CR. Extraction of urethral calculi by transabdominal cystoscopy and urethroscopy in nine dogs. Journal of Small Animal Practice. 2011; 52 (4): 190–194.
54. Van Lue SJ, Cowles RS, Rawlings CA. Video-assisted percutaneous cystoscopy of the bladder and prostatic urethra in the dog: new approach for visual laser ablation of the prostate. Journal of Endourology. 1995; 9 (6):503-507.
55. Rockwood CA. Shoulder arthroscopy. Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. 1988; 70 (5): 639-640, 1988.
56. Van Bree H, Van Ryssen B. Arthroscopy in the diagnosis and treatment of front leg lameness. Veterinary Quarterly. 1995; 17 (1): 32-34.
57. Tataruna, AC, Matera JM. Artroscopia em cães. Revista de Educação Continuada em Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia do CRMV-SP. 2003; 6 (1/3): 63-73.
58. Rochat MC. Arthroscopy. Veterinary Clinics of North America. Small Animal Practice. 2001; 31 (4): 761-787.
59. Kim JH, Heo SY, Lee HB. Arthroscopic detection of medial meniscal injury with the use of a joint distractor in small-breed dogs. Journal of Veterinary Science. 2017; 18 (4): 515-520.
60. Park,JY, Jeong BS, Roh YS, Jeong SM, Lee HB. Evaluation of an arthroscopic stifle lever for stifle joint distraction in toy breed dogs. Journal of Veterinary Science. 2018; 19 (5): 693-698.
2. Jones K, Case JB, Evans B, Monnet E. Evaluation of the economic and clinical feasibility of introducing rigid endoscopy and laparoscopy to a small animal general practice. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association. 2017; 250 (7): 795-800.
3. Becmeur F. Videosurgery — the second generation. Journal of Pediatric Surgery. 2011; 46 (2): 275-279.
4. Wildt DE, Levinson CJ, Seager SW. Laparoscopic exposure and sequential observation of the ovary of the cycling bitch. The Anatomical Record. 1977; 189 (3): 443-449.
5. Wildt DE, Seager SW, Bridges CH. Sterilization of the male dog and cat by laparoscopic occlusion of the ductus deferens. American Journal of Veterinary Research. 1981; 42 (11): 1888-1897.
6. Wildt DE, Lawler DF. Laparoscopic sterilization of the bitch and queen by uterine horn occlusion. American Journal of Veterinary Research.1985; 46: 864-869.
7. Radhakrishnan A. Advances in flexible endoscopy. Veterinary Clinics of North America. Small Animal Practice. 2016; 46 (1): 85-112.
8. Souza FW, Brum MV, Oliveira MT., Feranti JPS, Correa RKR, Idalencio R, Duda NCB, Quadros AM, Huppes RR. Ovariohisterectomia por videocirurgia (via NOTES vaginal híbrida), celiotomia ou miniceliotomia em cadelas. Ciência Rural. 2014; 44 (3): 510-516.
9. Linhares MT, Feranti JPS, Coradini GP, Martins LR, Martins AR, Sarturi VZ, Gavioli FB, Silva MAM, Ataíde MW, Teixeira LG, Brun MV. Canine ovariectomy by hybrid or total natural orifice transluminal endoscopic surgery: technical feasibility study and pain assessment. Veterinary Surgery.2019; 48 (1): 74-82.
10. Basso PC, Raiser AG, Müller DCM, Silva MAM, Brun MV. Atualidades em videocirurgia na medicina veterinária: cirurgia endoscópica transluminal por orifícios naturais (NOTES) e cirurgia laparoendoscópia por único portal (LESS). Medvep - Revista Científica de Medicina Veterinária - Pequenos Animais e Animais de Estimação. 2012; 10 (32): 82-89.
11. Gualtieri M. Esophagoscopy. The Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice. 2001; 31 (4): 605-630.
12. Zoran DL. Gastroduodenoscopy in the dog and cat. The Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice, Philadelphia. 2001; 31 (3): 631-656.
13. Deroux SJ, Sgarlato A. Upper and lower gastrointestinal endoscopy mortality: the medical examiner’s perspective. Forensic Science, Medicine, and Pathology. 2012; 8 (1): 4-12.
14. Nakamura T, Terano A. Capsule endoscopy: past, present, and future. Journal of Gastroenterology. 2008; 43 (2): 93-99.
15. Mabry K, Hill T, Marks SL, Hardy BT. Use of video capsule endoscopy to identify gastrointestinal lesions in dogs with microcytosis or gastrointestinal hemorrhage. Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine. 2019; 33 (5): 1964-1969.
16. Washabaum RJ, Day MJ, Willard MD, Hall EJ, Jergens AE, Mansell J, Minami T, Bilzer TW. Endoscopic, biopsy, and histopathologic guidelines for the evaluation of gastrointestinal inflammation in companion animals. Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine. 2010; 24 (1): 10-26.
17. Silva ECS, Pina FLS, Teixeira MW. Diagnóstico e tratamento da estenose esofágica pela via endoscópica em cão: relato de caso. Ciência Animal Brasileira. 2010; 11 (2): 465-470.
18. Klug WA, Neto OS, Fonoff AM, Fang CB, Candelaria PA, Capelhuchnik P. Preparo do intestino para colonoscopia com lactulona a 8%: modo da Santa Casa de São Paulo. Revista Brasileira de Coloproctologia. 2008; 28 (1): 84-88.
19. Petre SL, McClaran JK, Bergman PJ, Monette S. Safety and efficacy of laparoscopic hepatic biopsy in dogs: 80 cases (2004-2009). Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association. 2012; 240 (2): 181-185.
20. Milovancev M, Townsend KL. Current concepts in minimally invasive surgery of the abdomen. Veterinary Clinics of North America. Small Animal Practice.2015; 45 (3): 507-522.
21. MCdevitt HL, Mayhew PD, Giuffrida MA, Brown DC, Culp WTN, Runge J.J. Short-term clinical outcome of laparoscopic liver biopsy in dogs: 106 cases (2003–2013). Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association. 2016; 248 (1): 83-90.
22. Brückner M. Laparoscopy for the treatment of ovarian remnant syndrome in four dogs and two cats. Tierärztliche Praxis. Ausgabe K, Kleintiere /Heimtiere. 2016; 44 (2): 86-92.
23. Phipps WE, Goodman AR, Sullivan M. Removal of ovarian remnant using minimally invasive laparoscopic techniques in four dogs. Journal of Small Animal Practice. 2016; 57 (4): 214-216.
24. Aryazand Y, Dehghani S, Pedram MS, Ashegh H, Bangesh MY. Laparoscopic Assisted Splenectomy in Dogs: Introducing the Intracorporeal Ligature Placement Technique. Iranian Journal of Veterinary Surgery. 2015; 10 (2): 31-37.
25. Wright T, Singh A, Mayhew PD, Runge JJ, Brisson BA, Oblak ML, Case JB. Laparoscopic splenectomy assisted in dogs: 18 cases (2012-2014). Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association. 2016; 248 (8): 916-922.
26. Manassero M, Viateau V. Advances in laparoscopic payment techniques for dogs: the past, present and future. The Veterinary Record.2018; 183 (24): 742-744.
27. Mayhew PD, Sutton JS, Singh A, Runge JJ, Case JB, Griffin MA, Giuffrida MA. Complications and short-term outcomes associated with single-port laparoscopic splenectomy in dogs. Veterinary Surgery. 2018; 47 (1): 67-74.
28. Otomo A, Singh A, Valverde A, Beaufrere H, Mrotz V, Kilkenny J, Linden AZ. Comparison of the result in dogs submitted to laparoscopic bowel surgery of single incision and open laparotomy for simple removal of the intestinal foreign body. Veterinary Surgery. 2018; 48 (1): 83-90.
29. Lawall T, Beck CAC, Queiroga LB, Dos Santos F.R. Minilaparoscopic ovariohysterectomy in healthy cats. Ciência Rural. 2017; 47 (2): 1-7.
30. Matyjasik H, Adamiak Z, Pesta W, Zhalniarovich Y. Laparoscopic procedures in dogs and cats. Polish Journal of Veterinary Sciences.2011; 14 (2): 305-316.
31. Ko J, Jeong J, Hyunglak Son SL, Kweon OK, Kim WH. Feasibility of single-port retroperitoneoscopic adrenalectomy in dogs. Veterinary Surgery.2018; 47 (1): 75-83.
32. Gasch EG, Monnet E. Comparison of Single Door Access versus Multiple Port Access Systems in Laparoscopy Eletive: 98 Dogs (2005-2014). Veterinary Surgery. 2015; 44 (7): 895-899.
33. Anderson SJ, Fransson BA. Complications related to entry techniques for laparoscopy in 159 dogs and cats. Veterinary Surgery. 2019; 48 (5): 707-714.
34. Austin B, Lanz OI, Hamilton SM, Broadstone RV, Martin RA. Laparoscopic ovariohysterectomy in nine dogs. Journal of the American Animal Hospital Association. 2003; 39 (4): 391-396.
35. Melo DP, Aleixo GAS, Coelho MCOC. Laparoscopia em cães e gatos - Revisão de Literatura. Medicina Veterinária-UFRPE. 2010; 4 (1): 22-28.
36. Leme MC, Natalini CC, Beck CADC, Brun MV, Contesini EA, Lima SDDA, Stedile R. Pneumoperitoneum using carbon dioxide associated with three positions for laparoscopy in dogs. Ciência Rural. 2002; 32 (2): 281–287.
37. Passos RFB, Aquino JO, Oliveira GGS, Sanches RC, Maniscalco CL. Viabilidade da inspeção traqueobrônquica, por videoendoscopia, em cães. Brazilian Journal of Veterinary Research and Animal Science. 2004; 41(5): 344–348.
38. Benvenho ACR, Guedes RL, Dornbusch PT, Benites NR, Stopiglia AJ. Correlação De Achados Microbiológicos E Citológicos Coletados Por Broncoscopia De Cães Com Colapso Traqueal. Archives of Veterinary Science. 2018; 23 (2): 17–26.
39. Basso PC, Barcellos HHA, Brun MV, Rodrigues LB, Bortolini CE, Melatti L, Scalco Neto JF, Bastiani PV, Valle SDF, Dos Santos LR. Lavado traqueobrônquico auxiliado por endoscópio rígido ou por tubo endotraqueal em cães. Ciência Rural. 2008; 38 (3): 723–728.
40. Peláez MJ, Roselló GC. Toracoscopia clínica en pequeños animales: principios e indicaciones. Argos: Informativo Veterinario. 2018; 200: 48-54.
41. Lin J, Iannettoni MD. The role of thoracoscopy in the management of lung cancer. Surgical oncology. 2003; 12 (3): 195-200.
42. Atencia S, Doyle RS, Whitley NT. Thoracoscopic pericardial window for management of pericardial effusion in 15 dogs. Journal of Small Animal Practice. 2013; 54 (11): 564–569.
43. Case JB. Advances in video-assisted thoracic surgery, thoracoscopy. Veterinary Clinics of North America. Small Animal Practice. 2016; 46 (1): 147-169.
44. Mayhew PD, Dunn M, Berent A. Surgical Views: Thoracoscopy: common techniques in small animals. Compendium Continuing Education for Veterinarians. 2013; 35 (2): 1-7.
45. Lansdowne JL, Monnet E, Twedt DC, Dernell WS. Thoracoscopic lung lobectomy for treatment of lung tumors in dogs. Veterinary Surgery. 2005; 34 (5): 530-535.
46. Scott JE, Singh A, Case JB, Mayhew PD, Runge JJ. Determination of optimal location for thoracoscopic-assisted pulmonary surgery for lung lobectomy in cats. American Journal of Veterinary Research. 2019; 80 (11): 1050-1054.
47. Basso PC, Raiser AG, Brun MV, Guizzo Junior N, Feranti JPS, Motta AC, Bortolini CE, Muller DCM. Biópsia pulmonar incisional por toracoscopia paraxifoide transdiafragmática com dois portais em cães. Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira. 2010; 30 (7): 566-572.
48. Radlinsky MG. Complications and need for conversion from thoracoscopy to thoracotomy in small animals. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice. 2009; 39 (5): 977-984.
49. Berent A. Cystourethroscopy in the cat. What do you need? When do you need it? How do you do it? Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery. 2014; 16 (1): 34–41.
50. Sycamore KF, Poorbaugh VR, Pullin SS. Comparison of urine and bladder or urethral mucosal biopsy culture obtained by transurethral cystoscopy in dogs with chronic lower urinary tract disease: 41 cases (2002 to 2011). The Journal of Small Animal Practice. 2014; 55 (7): 364–368.
51. Lulich JP. Endoscopic vaginoscopy in the dog. Theriogenology. 2006; 66 (3): 588– 591.
52. Morgan M, Forman M. Cystoscopy in dogs and cats. The Veterinary clinics of North America. Small animal practice.2015; 45 (4): 665–701.
53. Libermann SV, Doran IC, Bille CR. Extraction of urethral calculi by transabdominal cystoscopy and urethroscopy in nine dogs. Journal of Small Animal Practice. 2011; 52 (4): 190–194.
54. Van Lue SJ, Cowles RS, Rawlings CA. Video-assisted percutaneous cystoscopy of the bladder and prostatic urethra in the dog: new approach for visual laser ablation of the prostate. Journal of Endourology. 1995; 9 (6):503-507.
55. Rockwood CA. Shoulder arthroscopy. Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. 1988; 70 (5): 639-640, 1988.
56. Van Bree H, Van Ryssen B. Arthroscopy in the diagnosis and treatment of front leg lameness. Veterinary Quarterly. 1995; 17 (1): 32-34.
57. Tataruna, AC, Matera JM. Artroscopia em cães. Revista de Educação Continuada em Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia do CRMV-SP. 2003; 6 (1/3): 63-73.
58. Rochat MC. Arthroscopy. Veterinary Clinics of North America. Small Animal Practice. 2001; 31 (4): 761-787.
59. Kim JH, Heo SY, Lee HB. Arthroscopic detection of medial meniscal injury with the use of a joint distractor in small-breed dogs. Journal of Veterinary Science. 2017; 18 (4): 515-520.
60. Park,JY, Jeong BS, Roh YS, Jeong SM, Lee HB. Evaluation of an arthroscopic stifle lever for stifle joint distraction in toy breed dogs. Journal of Veterinary Science. 2018; 19 (5): 693-698.
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2020-08-28
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Santos IFC, Apolonio E, Gallina M, Souza P, Nishimaru R, Almeida K, Pereira G, Sakata S. VIDEOSURGERY IN DOGS AND CATS – LITERATURE REVIEW. RVZ [Internet]. 2020 Aug. 28 [cited 2024 Nov. 21];27:1-16. Available from: https://rvz.emnuvens.com.br/rvz/article/view/456
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