PRINCÍPIOS DA CARDIOLOGIA DE RÉPTEIS: REVISÃO DE LITERATURA
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.35172/rvz.2024.v31.1547Palavras-chave:
Reptilia, diagnóstico cardiológico., anatomia cardiovascular, fisiologia cardíacaResumo
Apesar da disponibilidade de ferramentas diagnósticas e de parâmetros de referência publicados para algumas espécies, a cardiologia de répteis é uma especialidade que ainda está em desenvolvimento. Ela impõe desafios aos médicos veterinários devido às particularidades anatômicas e fisiológicas do sistema cardiovascular, além da pouca disponibilidade de parâmetros de referência para a maioria das espécies. Os sinais clínicos em répteis portadores de afecções cardíacas muitas vezes são inespecíficos, o que exige uma avaliação física e anamnese bem executadas, consideração do histórico do animal e exames complementares direcionados, como o eletrocardiograma e o ecocardiograma. Além disso, a análise laboratorial de hemograma, bioquímica e quantificação eletrolítica são úteis na avaliação do estado geral do animal, com possibilidade de identificar possíveis distúrbios nutricionais e metabólicos como causa primária. Neste trabalho objetivou-se abordar tópicos relacionados à anatomia e à fisiologia cardíaca, bem como discorrer sobre as técnicas empregadas no diagnóstico cardiológico de répteis.
Referências
Kik MJL, Mitchell MA. Reptile cardiology: a review of anatomy and physiology, diagnostic approaches, and clinical disease. Semin Avian Exot Pet Med. 2005;14(1):52-60. doi:10.1053/j.saep.2005.12.009 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1053/j.saep.2005.12.009
Dahhan M. Elektrokardiographische Untersuchungen beim Grünen Leguan (Iguana iguana) [tese]. Munique: Tierärztlichen Fakultät der Ludwig-Maximilians, Universität München; 2006. doi:10.5282/edoc.5524
Bogan Jr JE. Ophidian cardiology - a review. J Herpetol Med Surg. 2017;27(1-2):62-77. doi:10.5818/1529-9651-27.1-2.62 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5818/1529-9651-27.1-2.62
Walker B, Eustace R, Thompson KA, Schiller CA, Leone A, Garner M. Degenerative cardiac disease in two species of tortoise (Chelonoidis nigra complex, Centrochelys sulcata). J of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine. 2023;54(1):164-174. doi:10.1638/2022-0093 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1638/2022-0093
Paré JA, Lentini AM. Reptile geriatrics. Vet Clin N Am Exot Anim Prac. 2010;13(1):15-25. doi:10.1016/j.cvex.2009.09.003 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cvex.2009.09.003
Nógrádi AL, Balogh M. Establishment of methodology for non-invasive electrocardiographic measurements in turtles and tortoises. Acta Vet Hung. 2018;66(3):365-375. doi:10.1556/004.2018.033 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1556/004.2018.033
Wyneken J. Normal reptile heart morphology and function. Vet Clin N Am Exot Anim Pract. 2009;12(1):51-63. doi:10.1016/j.cvex.2008.08.001 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cvex.2008.08.001
Schilliger L, Girling S. Cardiology. In: DIVERS SJ, STAHL SJ. Maders’s Reptile and Amphibian Medicine and Surgery. 3a ed. St. Louis: Elsevier; 2019, p. 669-698. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-323-48253-0.00068-4
Mitchell MA. Reptile cardiology. Vet Clin N Am Exot Anim Pract. 2009;12(1):65-79. doi:10.1016/j.cvex.2008.10.001 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cvex.2008.10.001
Grego KF, Albuquerque LR, Kolesnikovas CKM. Squamata (Serpentes). In: Cubas ZS, Silva JCR, Catão-Dias JL. Tratado de animais selvagens: medicina veterinária. 2a ed. São Paulo: Roca; 2014, p.186-218.
Jensen B, Nyengaard JR, Pedersen M, Wang T. Anatomy of the python heart. Anat Sci Int. 2010;85(4):194-203. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12565-010-0079-1
Jensen B, Wang T, Christoffels VM, Moorman AF. Evolution and development of the building plan of the vertebrate heart. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2013;1833(4):783-794. doi:10.1016/j.bbamcr.2012.10.004 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbamcr.2012.10.004
Alves AC, Ribeiro DB, Cotrin JV, Resende HR, Drummond CD, De Almeida FR, et al. Descrição morfológica do coração e dos vasos da base do jacaré-do-pantanal (Caiman yacare Daudin, 1802) proveniente de zoocriadouro. Pesqui Vet Bras. 2016; 36:8-14. doi:10.1590/S0100-736X2016001300002 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1590/S0100-736X2016001300002
Burggren W, Johansen K. Ventricular haemodynamics in the monitor lizard Varanus exanthematicus: pulmonary and systemic pressure separation. J Exp Biol. 1982;96(1):343-354. doi:10.1242/jeb.96.1.343 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1242/jeb.96.1.343
Long SY. Approach to reptile emergency medicine. Vet Clin N Am Exot Anim Pract. 2016;19(2):567-590. doi:10.1016/j.cvex.2016.01.013 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cvex.2016.01.013
Stephenson A, Adams JW, Vaccarezza M. The vertebrate heart: an evolutionary perspective. J Anat. 2017;231(6):787-797. doi:10.1111/joa.12687 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/joa.12687
Dutra GHP. Testudines (Tigre d’água, Cágado e Jabuti). In: Cubas ZS, Silva JCR, Catão-Dias. Tratado de animais selvagens: medicina veterinária. 2a ed. São Paulo: Roca; 2014. p.219-258.
Kardong KV. The circulatory system. In: Kardong KV. Vertebrates: Comparative anatomy, function, evolution. 6a ed. New York: McGraw-Hill;2012. p.451-498.
Berger PJ, Heisler N. Estimation of shunting, systemic and pulmonary output of the heart, and regional blood flow distribution in unanaesthetized lizards (Varanus exanthematicus) by injection of radioactively labelled microspheres. J Exp Biol. 1977;71(1):111-121. doi:10.1242/jeb.71.1.111 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1242/jeb.71.1.111
Burkhard S, Van Eif V, Garric L, Christoffels VM, Bakkers J. On the evolution of the cardiac pacemaker. J Cardiovasc Dev Dis. 2017;4(2):4. doi:10.3390/jcdd4020004 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/jcdd4020004
Jensen B, Boukens BJ, Postma AV, Gunst QD, Van Den Hoff MJ, Moorman AF, et al. Identifying the evolutionary building blocks of the cardiac conduction system. PLoS ONE. 2012;7(9). doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0044231 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0044231
Lewis M, Bouvard J, Eatwell K, Culshaw G. Standardisation of electrocardiographic examination in corn snakes (Pantherophis guttatus). Vet Rec. 2020;186(19):e29. doi:10.1136/vr.105713 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1136/vr.105713
Mullen RK. Comparative electrocardiography of the squamata. Physiol Zool. 1965;40(2):114-126. doi:10.1086/physzool.40.2.30152446 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1086/physzool.40.2.30152446
Christian E, Grigg GC. Electrical activation of the ventricular myocardium of the crocodile Crocodylus johnstoni: a combined microscopic and electrophysiological study. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol. 1999;123(1):17-23. doi:10.1016/S1095-6433(99)00024-0 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S1095-6433(99)00024-0
Syme DA, Gamperl K, Jones DR. Delayed depolarization of the cog-wheel valve and pulmonary-to-systemic shunting in alligators. J Exp Biol. 2002;205(13):1843-1851. doi:10.1242/jeb.205.13.1843 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1242/jeb.205.13.1843
Giannico AT, Somma AT, Lima L, Oliveira ST, Lange RR, Tyszka RMT, et al. Parâmetros eletrocardiográficos de tigres-d’água norte-americanos (Trachemys scripta elegans) em duas temperaturas corporais. PUBVET. 2016;6(24): Art. 1405.
Kaplan HM, Schwartz C. Electrocardiography in turtles. Life Sci. 1963;2(9):637-645. doi:10.1016/0024-3205(63)90147-4 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/0024-3205(63)90147-4
Dawson WR, Bartholomew GA. Metabolic and cardiac responses to temperature in the lizard Dipsosaurus dorsalis. Physiol Zool. 1958;31(2):100-111. doi:10.1086/physzool.31.2.30155383 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1086/physzool.31.2.30155383
Lillywhite HB, Zippel KC, Farrell AP. Resting and maximal heart rates in ectothermic vertebrates. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol. 1999;124(4):369-382. doi:10.1016/S1095-6433(99)00129-4 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S1095-6433(99)00129-4
Seebacher F, Franklin CE. Cardiovascular mechanisms during thermoregulation in reptiles. Int Congr Ser. 2004;1275:242-249. doi:10.1016/j.ics.2004.08.050 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ics.2004.08.050
Wang T, Joyce W, Hicks JW. Similitude in the cardiorespiratory responses to exercise across vertebrates. Curr Opin Physiol. 2019;10:137-145. doi:10.1016/j.cophys.2019.05.007 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cophys.2019.05.007
Wang Z, Sun NZ, Mao WP, Chen JP, Huang GQ. An analysis of electrocardiogram of alligator sinensis. Comp Biochem Physiol A Physiol. 1991;98(1):89-95. doi:10.1016/0300-9629(91)90582-W DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/0300-9629(91)90582-W
Okuyama J, Shiozawa M, Shiode D. Heart rate and cardiac response to exercise during voluntary dives in captive sea turtles (Cheloniidae). Biol Open. 2020;9(2). doi:10.1242/bio.049247 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1242/bio.049247
Holz RM, Holz P. Electrocardiography in anaesthetised red-eared sliders (Trachemys scripta elegans). Res Vet Sci. 1995;58(1):67-69. doi:10.1016/0034-5288(95)90091-8 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/0034-5288(95)90091-8
Costello MF. Principles of cardiopulmonary cerebral resuscitation in special species. Sem Avian Exot Pet Med. 2004;13(3):132-141. doi:10.1053/j.saep.2004.03.003 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1053/j.saep.2004.03.003
Nevarez JG. Euthanasia. In: Divers SJ Stahl SJ. Maders’s Reptile and Amphibian Medicine and Surgery. 3a ed. St. Louis: Elsevier; 2019. p.430-440. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-323-48253-0.00047-7
Close B, Banister K, Baumans V, Bernoth EM, Bromage N, Bunyan J, et al. Recommendations for euthanasia of experimental animals: Part 2. Lab Anim. 1997;31(1):1-32. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1258/002367797780600297
Warren K. Reptile Euthanasia - No Easy Solution? Pac Conserv Biol. 2014;20(1):25-27. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1071/PC140025
Gartrell BD, Kirk EJ. Euthanasia of reptiles in New Zealand: current issues and methods. Kokako. 2005;12(1):12-15.
Holmes SP, Divers SJ. Radiography - Chelonians. In: Divers SJ, Stahl SJ. Maders’s Reptile and Amphibian Medicine and Surgery. 3a ed. St. Louis: Elsevier;2019, p.514-527. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-323-48253-0.00056-8
Rademacher N, Nevarez JG. Radiography - Crocodilians. In: Divers SJ, Stahl SJ. Maders’s Reptile and Amphibian Medicine and Surgery. 3a ed. St. Louis: Elsevier;2019. p.528-542. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-323-48253-0.00057-X
Holmes SP, Divers SJ. Radiography - Lizards. In: Divers SJ, Stahl SJ. Maders’s Reptile and Amphibian Medicine and Surgery. 3a ed. St. Louis: Elsevier;2019. p.491-502. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-323-48253-0.00054-4
Valentinuzzi ME, Hoff HE, Geddes LA. Electrocardiogram of the snake: effect of the location of the electrodes and cardiac vectors. J Electrocardiol.1969;2(3):245-252. doi:10.1016/S0022-0736(69)80084-1 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-0736(69)80084-1
Cermakova E, Piskovska ANNA, Trhonova V, Schilliger L, Knotek Z. Comparison of three ECG machines for electrocardiography in green iguanas (Iguana iguana). Vet Med. 2021;66(2):66-71. doi:10.17221/39/2020-VETMED DOI: https://doi.org/10.17221/39/2020-VETMED
Carvalho SFM, Santos ALQ. Valores das ondas do eletrocardiograma de tartarugas-da-Amazônia (Podocnemis expansa Schweigger, 1812) (Testudines). Ars Vet. 2006;22(2):117-121. doi:10.15361/2175-0106.2006v22n2p117-121
Boukens BJD, Kristensen DL, Filogonio R, Carreira LB, Sartori MR, Abe, et al. The electrocardiogram of vertebrates: evolutionary changes from ectothermy to endothermy. Prog Biophys Mol Biol. 2019;144:16-29. doi:10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2018.08.005 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2018.08.005
Valentinuzzi ME. Electrophysiology and mechanics of the snake heart beat [Dissertation]. Houston Baylor (Texas): Houston Baylor University; 1969.
Valentinuzzi ME, Hoff HE, Geddes LA. Electrocardiogram of the snake: intervals and durations. J Electrocard. 1969;2(4):343-352. doi:10.1016/S0022-0736(69)80004-X DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-0736(69)80004-X
Downloads
Publicado
Como Citar
Edição
Seção
Licença
Este obra está licenciado com uma Licença Creative Commons Atribuição-NãoComercial 4.0 Internacional.
