ULTRASSONOGRAFIA DOPPLER APLICADA AO DIAGNÓSTICO DE DISTÚRBIOS TESTICULARES EM GARANHÕES
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.35172/rvz.2020.v27.460Palavras-chave:
andrologia, artéria testicular, equinos, ultrassom e subfertilidade.Resumo
Os insultos vasculares afetam diretamente a produção e a qualidade das células espermáticas, portanto, o diagnóstico rápido dessas alterações é de extrema importância para evitar danos irreversíveis à reprodução. Desse modo, a ultrassonografia Doppler têm se mostrado um método eficaz no diagnóstico precoce de afecções reprodutivas relacionadas com distúrbios na perfusão sanguínea testicular. Além disso, possibilita o acompanhamento de tratamentos em curso, a fim de melhorar resultados terapêuticos e proporcionar melhor previsão de fertilidade aos garanhões. Em homens, já é um método empregado para diagnosticar distúrbios de fertilidade, entretanto, na veterinária os relatos ainda são escassos e o uso por andrologistas de equinos para este fim, é esporádico. O objetivo dessa revisão é apresentar os princípios da ultrassonografia Doppler e os benefícios para a andrologia de equinos, afim de ampliar o conhecimento a respeito da técnica e facilitar o diagnóstico de afecções durante exames reprodutivos de garanhões.
Referências
1. Schurich M, Aigner F, Frauscher F, Pallwein L. The role of ultrasound in assessment of male fertility. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol .2009;144:192-18.
2. Ginther OJ, Utt MD. Doppler Ultrasound in Equine Reproduction: Principles, Techniques, and Potential. J Equine Vet Sci. 2004;24:516-526.
3. Carvalho CF, Chammas MC, Cerri GG. Princípios físicos do Doppler em ultrassonografia. Ciênc Rural. 2008;38:872-9.
4. Pozor MA, McDonnell SM. Color Doppler ultrasound evaluation of testicular blood flow in stallions. Theriogenology. 2004;61:799–810.
5. Guenzel-Apel AR, Moehrke C, Nautrup CP. Colour-coded and pulsed Doppler sonogragraphy of the canine testis, epididymis and prostate gland: Physiological and pathological findings. Reprod Domest Anim. 2001;36:236-240.
6. Turner RM. Pathogenesis, Diagnosis, and Management of Testicular Degeneration in Stallions. Clin Tech Equine Pract. 2007;6:278–84.
7. Ortiz-Rodriguez JM, Anel-Lopez L, Martín-Muñoz P, Alvarez M, Gaitskell-Phillips G, Anel L, Rodrıguez-Medina P, Peña FJ, Ortega-Ferrusola C. Pulse Doppler ultrasound as a tool for the diagnosis of chronic testicular dysfunction in stallions. Plos One. 2017; 12(5):e017587.
8. Pozor MA, Nolin M, Roser J, Runyon S, Macperson ML, Kelleman A. Doppler index of vascular impedance as indicator of testicular dysfunction in stallions. J Equine Vet Sci. 2014;34:38–39.
9. Ortega-Ferrusola C, Gracia-Calvo LA, Ezquerra J, Pena FJ. Use of Colour and Spectral Doppler Ultrasonography in Stallion Andrology. Reprod Domest Anim. 2014;49:88–96.
10. Amann RP. A review of anatomy and physiology of the stallion. J Equine Vet Sci. 1981a;1:83-105.
11. Hafez ESE. Anatomia da Reprodução Masculina. In: Hafez B, Hafez ESE. Reprodução Animal. 7.ed. Barueri: Manole, 2004. p.97-140.
12. Chenier ST. Anatomy and examination of the normal testicle. In: Pycock S, Samper JC, McKinnon OA. Current Therapy in Equine Reproduction E-Book. St. Louis: Saunders, 2007. Cap.26, p.167-173.
13. Stickle RL, Fessler JF. Retrospective study of 350 cases of equine cryptorchidism. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 1978;172:343-346.
14. Amann RP. Functional anatomy of the adult male. In: McKinnon AO, Squires EL, Vaala E, Varner DD. Equine Reproduction, 2.ed. Philadelphia: Wiley-Blackwell, 2011. p.867-880.
15. Marengo SR. Maturing the sperm: unique mechanisms for modifying integral proteins in the sperm plasma membrane. Anim Reprod Sci. 2008;105:52-63.
16. Setchell BP. Testicular blood supply, lymphatic drainage and secretion of fluid. In: Johnson AD, Gomes WR, Vandemark NL. The Testis,Vol.1. New York: Academic Press,1970. p. 101–239.
17. Budras KD, Mccarthy PH, Fricke W, Richter R. Anatomy of the Dog. London: Manson, 2007.
18. Pozor M, Kolonko D. The testicular artery of stallions in clinical and morphological studies. Med Wet. 2001;57:822–6.
19. Turner RM. Ultrasonography of the genital tract of the stallion. In: Reef VB. Equine Diagnostic Ultrasound. Philadelphia: Wiley-Blackwell, 1998. p.446-479.
20. Love CC. Ultrasonographic evaluation of the testis, epididymis, and spermatic cord of the stallion. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract. 1992;1:167-182.
21. Pozor MA. Evaluation of Testicular Vasculature in Stallions. Clin Tech Equine Pract. 2007;6:271-277.
22. Gabaldi SH, Wolf A. A importância da termorregulação testicular na qualidade do sêmen em touros. Ciências Agrárias Saúde. 2002;2:66-70.
23. Setchell B, Maddocks S, Brooks D. Anatomy, vasculature, innervation and fluids of the male reproductive tract. In: Knobil E, Neill JD. The Physiology of Reproduction. New York: Raven Press, 1994.
24. Palmer E, Driancourt MA. Use of ultrasonic echography in equine gynecology. Theriogenology. 1980;13:203-216.
25. Carvalho CF, Chammas MC, Cerri GG. Princípios físicos do Doppler em ultrassonografia. Ciênc Rural. 2008;38:872-9.
26. Kawakama, J. Física. In: Cerri GG, Rocha DC. Ultra-sonografia abdominal. São Paulo:Sarvier. 1993. cap.1, p.1-14.
27. Vermillon RP. Basic physical principles. In: Snider AR, Serwer GA, Gersony RA. Echocardiography in pediatric heart disease. 2.ed. Missouri: Mosby, 1997. cap.1, p.1-10.
28. Szatmári V, Sótonyi P, Voros K. Normal duplex Doppler waveforms of major abdominal blood vessels in dogs: a review. Vet Radiol Ultrasound. 2001;42:93-107.
29. Cerri GG; Mólnar LJ, Paranaguá-Vezozzo DC. Avaliação dúplex do fígado, sistema portal e vasos viscerais. In: Doppler. São Paulo: Sarvier ,1998. p.120-121.
30. Dogra VS, Gottlieb RH, Oka M, Rubens DJ. Sonography of the scrotum. Radiology. 2003;227:18-36.
31. Wood MM, Romine LE, Lee YK, Richman KM, O’Boyle MK, Paz DA, Chu PK, Pretorius DH. Spectral Doppler signatures waveforms in ultrasonography. Ultrasound Q. 2010; 26:283-299.
32. Biagiotti G, Cavallini G, Modenini F, Vitali G, Gianaroli L. Spermatogenesis and spectral echo-colour Doppler traces rom the main testicular artery. BJU Int. 2002; 90: 903–8.
33. Tarhan S, Gumus B, Gunduz I, Ayyildiz V, Goktan C. Effect of varicocele on testicular artery blood flow in men: color Doppler investigation. Scand J Urol Nephrol. 2003;37:38-42.
34. Menzies PI. Reproductive health management programs. In:Youngquist RS. Current therapy in large animal. Philadelphia:Theriogenology, 1999. p. 643– 649.
35. Ginther OJ, Garcia MC, Bergfelt DR. Embryonic loss in mares: Pregnancy rate, length of interovulatory intervals and progesterone concentrations associated with loss during days 11 to 15. Theriogenology. 1985;24:409-417.
36. Pinggera GM, Mitterberger M, Bartsch G, Strasser H, Gradl J, Aigner F, Pallwein L, Frauscher F. Assessment of the intratesticular resistive index by colour Doppler Ultrasonography Measurements as a Predictor of Spermatogenesis. BJU Int. 2008; 101:722-6.
37. Zelli R, Troisi A, Elad Ngonput A, Cardinali L, Polisca A. Evaluation of testicular artery blood flow by Doppler ultrasonography as a predictor of spermatogenesis in the dog. Res Vet Sci. 2013;95:632–637.
38. Roser JF. Endocrine profiles infertile, subfertile and infertile stallions: Testicular reponse to human chorionic gonadotropin in infertile stallions. Biol Reprod Monog. 1995;5:229-39.
39. Bicudo SD, Siqueira JB, Meira C. Patologias do sistema reprodutor de touros. São Paulo; 2007 [cited 2020 10 Jan]. Available from: <http://www.biologico. sp.gov.br/docs/bio/v69_2/p43-48.pdf>.
40. Filho AAM, Oliveira VK. Torção do testículo: como acontece? ABCMED, 2012 [cited 2020 14 marc]. Available from: <https://www.abc.med.br/p/saude-do-homem/331755/torcao+do+testiculo+como+acontece.htm>.
41. Ormond Jk. Recurrent torsion of the spermatic cord. Am J Surg. 1930;12:479-482.
42. Edwards JF. Pathologic conditions of the stallion reproductive tract. Anim Reprod Sci. 2008;107:197–207.
43. Schumacher J. Reproductive system. In: Auer JA, Stick JA. Equine Surgery. 4.ed. Missouri: Elsevier Saunders, 2012. p.809-812.
44. Pavlica P, Barozzi L. Imaging of the acute scrotum. Eur Radiol. 2001;11:220–8.
45. Wallace NG, Amaya M. Normal and developmental variations in the anogenital examination of children. Child Abuse Negl. 2011;69-81.
46. Kryger JV. Acute and Chronic Scrotal Swelling. In: Nelson Pediatric Symptom-Based Diagnosis. 2a ed, 2018.p.330-338.
47. Dudea SM, Ciurea A, Chiorean A, Botar-Jid C. Doppler applications in testicular and scrotal disease. Med Ultrason.2010;12:43–51.
48. Tanji N, Fujiwara T, Kaji H, Nishio S, Yokokama M. Histologic evaluation of spermatic veins in patients with varicocele. Int J Urol. 1999;7: 365-360.
49. Gat Y, Zukerman Z, Bachar GN, Feldberg D, Belenky A and Gornish M. Adolescent varicocele: is it a unilateral disease. Urology. 2003;62:742–747.
50. Gat Y, Zukerman Z, Chakraborty J, Gornish M. Varicocele, hypoxia and male infertility. Fluid mechanics analysis of the impaired testicular venous drainage system. Hum Reprod. 2005;20: 2614.
51. Matthews GJ, Matthews ED and Goldstein M. Induction of spermatogenesis and achievement of pregnancy after microsurgical varicocelectomy in men with azoospermia and severe oligoasthenospermia. Fertil Steril. 1998.70:71–75.
52. Gat Y, Bachar GN, Zukerman Z and Gornish M. Varicocele: a bilateral disease. Fertil Steril. 2004a;81:424–429.
53. Trojian T, Lishnak TS, Heiman D. Epididymitis and Orchitis: An overview. Am Fam Physician. 2009;79(7):583-587.
54. Wilson KE, Dascanio JJ, Duncan R, Delling U, Lad SM. Orchitis, epididymitis and pampiniform phlebitis in a stallion. EVE. 2007;239-243.
55. Jee WH, Choe BY, Byun JY, Shinn KS, Hwan TK. Resistive index of the intrascrotal artery in scrotal inflammatory disease. Acta Radiol.1997;38:1026-1030.
56. Lopez MG, Medina BA, Ortega HR, Rabaza EJ, Romero MMI, Hernandez AMJ. Usefulness of Doppler-color ultrasonography and identification of resistance indexes as early indicators of testicular infarction secondary to orchiepididymitis. Actas Urol Esp. 2000;24:43.
57. Brinsko SP. Neoplasia of the male reproductive tract. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract. 1998; 14:517-533.
58. Schumacher J, Varner DD. Neoplasia of the stallion’s reproductive tract. In: McKinnon AO, Voss JL. Equine Reproduction. Philadelphia:Lea & Febiger, 1993.p 871-875.
59. Esen B, Yaman MO, Baltac S. Should we rely on Doppler ultrasound for evaluation of testicular solid lesions. World J Urol. 2018;36(8):1263–1266.
60. Bigliardi E, Denti L, De Cesaris V, Bertocchi M, Di Ianni F, Parmigiani E, Bresciani C, Cantoni AM. Color doppler ultrasound imaging of blood flows variations in neoplastic and non-neoplastic testicular lesions in dogs. Reprod Dom Anim. 2018;64:63-71.
2. Ginther OJ, Utt MD. Doppler Ultrasound in Equine Reproduction: Principles, Techniques, and Potential. J Equine Vet Sci. 2004;24:516-526.
3. Carvalho CF, Chammas MC, Cerri GG. Princípios físicos do Doppler em ultrassonografia. Ciênc Rural. 2008;38:872-9.
4. Pozor MA, McDonnell SM. Color Doppler ultrasound evaluation of testicular blood flow in stallions. Theriogenology. 2004;61:799–810.
5. Guenzel-Apel AR, Moehrke C, Nautrup CP. Colour-coded and pulsed Doppler sonogragraphy of the canine testis, epididymis and prostate gland: Physiological and pathological findings. Reprod Domest Anim. 2001;36:236-240.
6. Turner RM. Pathogenesis, Diagnosis, and Management of Testicular Degeneration in Stallions. Clin Tech Equine Pract. 2007;6:278–84.
7. Ortiz-Rodriguez JM, Anel-Lopez L, Martín-Muñoz P, Alvarez M, Gaitskell-Phillips G, Anel L, Rodrıguez-Medina P, Peña FJ, Ortega-Ferrusola C. Pulse Doppler ultrasound as a tool for the diagnosis of chronic testicular dysfunction in stallions. Plos One. 2017; 12(5):e017587.
8. Pozor MA, Nolin M, Roser J, Runyon S, Macperson ML, Kelleman A. Doppler index of vascular impedance as indicator of testicular dysfunction in stallions. J Equine Vet Sci. 2014;34:38–39.
9. Ortega-Ferrusola C, Gracia-Calvo LA, Ezquerra J, Pena FJ. Use of Colour and Spectral Doppler Ultrasonography in Stallion Andrology. Reprod Domest Anim. 2014;49:88–96.
10. Amann RP. A review of anatomy and physiology of the stallion. J Equine Vet Sci. 1981a;1:83-105.
11. Hafez ESE. Anatomia da Reprodução Masculina. In: Hafez B, Hafez ESE. Reprodução Animal. 7.ed. Barueri: Manole, 2004. p.97-140.
12. Chenier ST. Anatomy and examination of the normal testicle. In: Pycock S, Samper JC, McKinnon OA. Current Therapy in Equine Reproduction E-Book. St. Louis: Saunders, 2007. Cap.26, p.167-173.
13. Stickle RL, Fessler JF. Retrospective study of 350 cases of equine cryptorchidism. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 1978;172:343-346.
14. Amann RP. Functional anatomy of the adult male. In: McKinnon AO, Squires EL, Vaala E, Varner DD. Equine Reproduction, 2.ed. Philadelphia: Wiley-Blackwell, 2011. p.867-880.
15. Marengo SR. Maturing the sperm: unique mechanisms for modifying integral proteins in the sperm plasma membrane. Anim Reprod Sci. 2008;105:52-63.
16. Setchell BP. Testicular blood supply, lymphatic drainage and secretion of fluid. In: Johnson AD, Gomes WR, Vandemark NL. The Testis,Vol.1. New York: Academic Press,1970. p. 101–239.
17. Budras KD, Mccarthy PH, Fricke W, Richter R. Anatomy of the Dog. London: Manson, 2007.
18. Pozor M, Kolonko D. The testicular artery of stallions in clinical and morphological studies. Med Wet. 2001;57:822–6.
19. Turner RM. Ultrasonography of the genital tract of the stallion. In: Reef VB. Equine Diagnostic Ultrasound. Philadelphia: Wiley-Blackwell, 1998. p.446-479.
20. Love CC. Ultrasonographic evaluation of the testis, epididymis, and spermatic cord of the stallion. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract. 1992;1:167-182.
21. Pozor MA. Evaluation of Testicular Vasculature in Stallions. Clin Tech Equine Pract. 2007;6:271-277.
22. Gabaldi SH, Wolf A. A importância da termorregulação testicular na qualidade do sêmen em touros. Ciências Agrárias Saúde. 2002;2:66-70.
23. Setchell B, Maddocks S, Brooks D. Anatomy, vasculature, innervation and fluids of the male reproductive tract. In: Knobil E, Neill JD. The Physiology of Reproduction. New York: Raven Press, 1994.
24. Palmer E, Driancourt MA. Use of ultrasonic echography in equine gynecology. Theriogenology. 1980;13:203-216.
25. Carvalho CF, Chammas MC, Cerri GG. Princípios físicos do Doppler em ultrassonografia. Ciênc Rural. 2008;38:872-9.
26. Kawakama, J. Física. In: Cerri GG, Rocha DC. Ultra-sonografia abdominal. São Paulo:Sarvier. 1993. cap.1, p.1-14.
27. Vermillon RP. Basic physical principles. In: Snider AR, Serwer GA, Gersony RA. Echocardiography in pediatric heart disease. 2.ed. Missouri: Mosby, 1997. cap.1, p.1-10.
28. Szatmári V, Sótonyi P, Voros K. Normal duplex Doppler waveforms of major abdominal blood vessels in dogs: a review. Vet Radiol Ultrasound. 2001;42:93-107.
29. Cerri GG; Mólnar LJ, Paranaguá-Vezozzo DC. Avaliação dúplex do fígado, sistema portal e vasos viscerais. In: Doppler. São Paulo: Sarvier ,1998. p.120-121.
30. Dogra VS, Gottlieb RH, Oka M, Rubens DJ. Sonography of the scrotum. Radiology. 2003;227:18-36.
31. Wood MM, Romine LE, Lee YK, Richman KM, O’Boyle MK, Paz DA, Chu PK, Pretorius DH. Spectral Doppler signatures waveforms in ultrasonography. Ultrasound Q. 2010; 26:283-299.
32. Biagiotti G, Cavallini G, Modenini F, Vitali G, Gianaroli L. Spermatogenesis and spectral echo-colour Doppler traces rom the main testicular artery. BJU Int. 2002; 90: 903–8.
33. Tarhan S, Gumus B, Gunduz I, Ayyildiz V, Goktan C. Effect of varicocele on testicular artery blood flow in men: color Doppler investigation. Scand J Urol Nephrol. 2003;37:38-42.
34. Menzies PI. Reproductive health management programs. In:Youngquist RS. Current therapy in large animal. Philadelphia:Theriogenology, 1999. p. 643– 649.
35. Ginther OJ, Garcia MC, Bergfelt DR. Embryonic loss in mares: Pregnancy rate, length of interovulatory intervals and progesterone concentrations associated with loss during days 11 to 15. Theriogenology. 1985;24:409-417.
36. Pinggera GM, Mitterberger M, Bartsch G, Strasser H, Gradl J, Aigner F, Pallwein L, Frauscher F. Assessment of the intratesticular resistive index by colour Doppler Ultrasonography Measurements as a Predictor of Spermatogenesis. BJU Int. 2008; 101:722-6.
37. Zelli R, Troisi A, Elad Ngonput A, Cardinali L, Polisca A. Evaluation of testicular artery blood flow by Doppler ultrasonography as a predictor of spermatogenesis in the dog. Res Vet Sci. 2013;95:632–637.
38. Roser JF. Endocrine profiles infertile, subfertile and infertile stallions: Testicular reponse to human chorionic gonadotropin in infertile stallions. Biol Reprod Monog. 1995;5:229-39.
39. Bicudo SD, Siqueira JB, Meira C. Patologias do sistema reprodutor de touros. São Paulo; 2007 [cited 2020 10 Jan]. Available from: <http://www.biologico. sp.gov.br/docs/bio/v69_2/p43-48.pdf>.
40. Filho AAM, Oliveira VK. Torção do testículo: como acontece? ABCMED, 2012 [cited 2020 14 marc]. Available from: <https://www.abc.med.br/p/saude-do-homem/331755/torcao+do+testiculo+como+acontece.htm>.
41. Ormond Jk. Recurrent torsion of the spermatic cord. Am J Surg. 1930;12:479-482.
42. Edwards JF. Pathologic conditions of the stallion reproductive tract. Anim Reprod Sci. 2008;107:197–207.
43. Schumacher J. Reproductive system. In: Auer JA, Stick JA. Equine Surgery. 4.ed. Missouri: Elsevier Saunders, 2012. p.809-812.
44. Pavlica P, Barozzi L. Imaging of the acute scrotum. Eur Radiol. 2001;11:220–8.
45. Wallace NG, Amaya M. Normal and developmental variations in the anogenital examination of children. Child Abuse Negl. 2011;69-81.
46. Kryger JV. Acute and Chronic Scrotal Swelling. In: Nelson Pediatric Symptom-Based Diagnosis. 2a ed, 2018.p.330-338.
47. Dudea SM, Ciurea A, Chiorean A, Botar-Jid C. Doppler applications in testicular and scrotal disease. Med Ultrason.2010;12:43–51.
48. Tanji N, Fujiwara T, Kaji H, Nishio S, Yokokama M. Histologic evaluation of spermatic veins in patients with varicocele. Int J Urol. 1999;7: 365-360.
49. Gat Y, Zukerman Z, Bachar GN, Feldberg D, Belenky A and Gornish M. Adolescent varicocele: is it a unilateral disease. Urology. 2003;62:742–747.
50. Gat Y, Zukerman Z, Chakraborty J, Gornish M. Varicocele, hypoxia and male infertility. Fluid mechanics analysis of the impaired testicular venous drainage system. Hum Reprod. 2005;20: 2614.
51. Matthews GJ, Matthews ED and Goldstein M. Induction of spermatogenesis and achievement of pregnancy after microsurgical varicocelectomy in men with azoospermia and severe oligoasthenospermia. Fertil Steril. 1998.70:71–75.
52. Gat Y, Bachar GN, Zukerman Z and Gornish M. Varicocele: a bilateral disease. Fertil Steril. 2004a;81:424–429.
53. Trojian T, Lishnak TS, Heiman D. Epididymitis and Orchitis: An overview. Am Fam Physician. 2009;79(7):583-587.
54. Wilson KE, Dascanio JJ, Duncan R, Delling U, Lad SM. Orchitis, epididymitis and pampiniform phlebitis in a stallion. EVE. 2007;239-243.
55. Jee WH, Choe BY, Byun JY, Shinn KS, Hwan TK. Resistive index of the intrascrotal artery in scrotal inflammatory disease. Acta Radiol.1997;38:1026-1030.
56. Lopez MG, Medina BA, Ortega HR, Rabaza EJ, Romero MMI, Hernandez AMJ. Usefulness of Doppler-color ultrasonography and identification of resistance indexes as early indicators of testicular infarction secondary to orchiepididymitis. Actas Urol Esp. 2000;24:43.
57. Brinsko SP. Neoplasia of the male reproductive tract. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract. 1998; 14:517-533.
58. Schumacher J, Varner DD. Neoplasia of the stallion’s reproductive tract. In: McKinnon AO, Voss JL. Equine Reproduction. Philadelphia:Lea & Febiger, 1993.p 871-875.
59. Esen B, Yaman MO, Baltac S. Should we rely on Doppler ultrasound for evaluation of testicular solid lesions. World J Urol. 2018;36(8):1263–1266.
60. Bigliardi E, Denti L, De Cesaris V, Bertocchi M, Di Ianni F, Parmigiani E, Bresciani C, Cantoni AM. Color doppler ultrasound imaging of blood flows variations in neoplastic and non-neoplastic testicular lesions in dogs. Reprod Dom Anim. 2018;64:63-71.
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2020-12-16
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Freitas Silva D, Augusto Monteiro G. ULTRASSONOGRAFIA DOPPLER APLICADA AO DIAGNÓSTICO DE DISTÚRBIOS TESTICULARES EM GARANHÕES. RVZ [Internet]. 16º de dezembro de 2020 [citado 21º de novembro de 2024];27:1-17. Disponível em: https://rvz.emnuvens.com.br/rvz/article/view/460
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