Ultrasonographic features of the thyroid gland in horses
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.35172/rvz.2017.v24.307Keywords:
ultrasound, thyroid lobes, equineAbstract
Thyroid disorders in horses have been little reported in clinical practice because they present
silent evolution, showing clearly when there is an increase in volume of ventrolateral
proximal region of the neck. This event increases the possibility of the involvement of
structures adjacent to the thyroid gland (TG), as the trachea, causing respiratory stridor,
exercise intolerance and, in severe cases, suffocation. In human and small animals veterinary
medicine the ultrasonography (US) is already used to better characterize important changes in
cases of TG diseases. However, there are few studies related to the use of the US as an
evaluation method of the TG in horses. This literature review aims to gather information on
importance of using US as a resource in the diagnosis of thyroid disorders in horses.
References
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domésticos. 5a Ed. Rio de Janeiro: Guanabara Koogan; 1986.
2. Reef VB. Ultrasonographic evaluation of small parts. In: Reef VB. Equine diagnostic
ultrasound. Philadelphia: WB Saunders Company; 1998. p.480-7.
3. Sojka JE. Hypothyroidism in horses. Compend Contin Educ Pract Vet. 1995;17(6):845-52.
4. König HE, Liebich H. Glândulas Endócrinas. In: König HE, Liebich, H. Anatomia dos
animais domésticos: texto e atlas colorido. 4a Ed. São Paulo: Artmed; 2011. p.583-7.
5. Ghoshal NG. Coração e artérias. In: In: Sisson S, Grossman JD. Anatomia dos animais
domésticos. 5a Ed. Rio de Janeiro: Guanabara Koogan; 1986. p.5135-536.
6. Ashdown RR, Done S. Cabeça. In: Ashdown RR, Done S. Atlas colorido de anatomia
veterinária: equinos. 2a ed. Rio de Janeiro: Elsevier; 2012. p.27-31.
7. Dimock WW, Westerfield C, Doll ER. The equine thyroid in health and disease. J Am Vet
Med Assoc. 1944;104:313-7.
8. Taeymans O, Peremans K, Saunders JH. Thyroid imaging in the dog: current status and
future directions. J Vet Intern Med. 2007;21(4):673-84.
9. Barrett KE, Barman SM, Boitano S, Brooks H. The thyroid gland. In: Barrett KE, Barman
SM, Boitano S, Brooks H. Ganong’s review of medical physiology. New York: McGrawHill; 2010. p.301-14.
10. Elce YA, Ross MW, Davidson EJ, Tulleners EP. Unilateral thyroidectomy in 6 horses.
Vet Surg. 2003;32(2):187-90.
11. Lucke VM, Lane LG. C-cell tumors of the thyroid in the horse. Equine Vet J.
1984;16(1):28-30.
12. Ueki H, Kowatari Y, Oyamada T, Oikawa M, Yoshikawa H. Non-functional C-cell
adenoma in aged horses. J Comp Pathol. 2004;131(2-3):157-65.
13. Dalefield RR, Palmer DN. The frequent occurrence of thyroid tumours in aged horses. J
Comp Pathol. 1994;110(1):57-64.
14. Ralston SL, Nockels CF, Squires EL. Differences in diagnostic test results and
hematologic data between aged and young horses. Am J Vet Res. 1988;49(8):1387-92.
15. Breuhaus BA. Disorders of the equine thyroid gland. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract.
2011;27(1):115-28.
16. Van Der Velden MA, Meulenaar H. Medullary thyroid carcinoma in a horse. Vet Pathol.
1986;23(5):622-4.
17. Saulez MN, Kafka MN, Martinez LR, Wilpe EV, Steyl J. The use of nuclear imaging for
a mixed C cell microfollicular carcinoma of the thyroid gland in a mature horse. Equine
Vet Educ. 2013;25(3):118-25.
18. Joyce JR, Thompson RB, Kyzar JR, Hightower D. Thyroid carcinoma in a horse. J Am
Vet Med Assoc. 1976;168(7):610-2.
19. Held JP, Pastton CS, Toal RL, Geiser DR. Work intolerance in a horse with thyroid
carcinoma. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 1985;187(10):1044-5.
20. Hilldge CJ, Sanecki RK, Theodorakis MC. Thyroid carcinoma in a horse. J Am Vet Med
Assoc. 1982;181(7):711-4.
21. Hovda LR, Shaftoe S, Rose ML, Clemmons LH. Mediastinal squamous cell carcinoma
and thyroid carcinoma in an aged horse. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 1990;197(9):1187-9.
22. Schwarz BC, Sallmutter T, Nell B. Keratoconjunctivitis sicca attributable to
parasympathetic facial nerve dysfunction associated with hypothyroidism in a horse. J
Am Vet Med Assoc. 2008;233(11):1761-6.
23. Perillo A, Passantino G, Passantino L, Cianciotta A, Mastrosimini AM, Lacovazzi P, et
al. First observation of an Hashimoto thyroiditis-like disease in horses from eastern
Europe: histopathological and immunological findings. Immunopharmacol
Immunotoxicol. 2005;27(2):241-53.
24. Frank N. Equine metabolic syndrome. J Equine Vet Sci. 2009;29(5):259-67.
25. Johnson PJ, Wiedmeyer CE, Lacarrubba A, Ganjam VK, Messer NT. Laminitis and the
equine metabolic syndrome. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract. 2010;26(2):239-55.
26. Driscoll J, Hintz HF, Schryver HF. Goiter in foals caused by excessive iodine. J Am Vet
Med Assoc. 1978;173(7):858-9.
27. Conway DA, Cosgrove JS. Equine goiter. Irish Vet J. 1980;34:29-32.
28. Baker JR, Wyn-jones G, Eley JL. Case of equine goitre. Vet Rec. 1983;112(17):407-8.
29. Ramirez S, Mcclure JJ, Moore RM, Wolfsheimer KJ, Stephen D, Gaunt SD, et al.
Hyperthyroidism associated with a thyroid adenocarcinoma in a 21-year-old gelding. J
Vet Intern Med. 1998;12(6):475-7.
30. Alberts MK, McCann JP, Woods PR. Hemithyroidectomy in a horse with confirmed
hyperthyroidism. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2000;217(7):1051-4.
31. Tan RHH, Davies SE, Crisman MV, Coyle L, Daniel GB. Propylthiouraci l for treatment
of hyperthyroidism in a horse. J Vet Intern Med. 2008;22(5):1253-8.
32. Rantanen NW. Ultrasound of the endocrine system. In: Ratanen NW, McKinnon AO.
Equine diagnostic ultrasonography. Baltimore: Williams and Wilkins; 1998. p.645-7.
33. Davies S, Barber D, Crisman M, Tan R, Larson M, Daniel G. Quantitative pertechnetate
thyroid scintigraphy and the ultrasonographic appearance of the thyroid gland in
clinically normal horses. Vet Radiol Ultrasound. 2010;51(6):674-80.
34. Turgut AT, Erman Ç, Kosar U, Kosar P, Demirbas B, Aral Y. Maximum systolic velocity
of inferior thyroid artery and thyroideal color doppler flow pattern in hypothyroid
subjects before and after treatment. J Med Ultrasound. 2009;17(1):44-51.
35. Fukunari N. Thyroid ultrasonography B-mode and color-Doppler. Biomed Pharmacother.
2002;56 Suppl 1:55-9.
36. Chiou SC, Peng YS, Chen PY, Ho C, Yeh HY, Lin JD. Color doppler ultrasonography of
inferior thyroid artery and its relation with thyroid functional state. J Med Ultrasound.
2006;14(3):51-7.
37. Taeymans O. Thyroid ultrasound in dogs: a review. Ultrasound. 2009;17(3):137-43.
38. Schulz SL, Seeberger U, Hengstmann JH. Color doppler sonography in hypothyroidism.
Eur J Ultrasound. 2003;16(3):183-9.
39. Kemppainem RJ, Behrend EN. CVT update: interpretation of endocrine diagnostic test
results for adrenal and thyroid disease. In: Bonagura JD, Kirk RW. Kirk’s current
veterinary therapy: small animal practice. Philadelphia: WB Saunders; 2000. v.12, p.321-
3.
40. Ramsey IK, Evans H, Herrtage ME. Thyroid-stimulating hormone and total thyroxine
concentrations in euthyroid, sick euthyroid and hypothyroid dogs. J Small Anim Pract.
1997;38(12):540-5.
41. Cap J, Ryska A, Rehorkova P, Hovorkova E, Kereks Z, Pohnetalova D. Sensitivity and
specificity of the fine needle aspiration biopsy of the thyroid: clinical point of view. Clin
Endocrinol. 1999;51(4):509-15.
42. Gutman PD, Henry M. Fine needle aspiration cytology of the thyroid. Clin Lab Med.
1998;18(3):461-82.
43. Galloway JW, Sardi A, Deconti RW, Mitchell WT, Bolton JS. Changing trends in thyroid
surgery 38'experience. Am Surg. 1991;57(1):18-20.
44. Giuffrida GK, Gharib H. Controversies in the management of cold, hot and occult thyroid
nodules. Am J Med. 1995;99(6):642-50.
45. Montironi R, Braccismi A, Scarpelli M, Matera G, Alberti R. Value of quantitative
nucleolar features in the preoperative cytological diagnosis of follicular neoplasias of the
thyroid. J Clin Pathol. 1991;44(6):509.
46. Gotway MB, Higgins CB. MR imaging of the thyroid and parathyroid glands. Magn
Reson Imaging. 2000;8(1):163-82.
domésticos. 5a Ed. Rio de Janeiro: Guanabara Koogan; 1986.
2. Reef VB. Ultrasonographic evaluation of small parts. In: Reef VB. Equine diagnostic
ultrasound. Philadelphia: WB Saunders Company; 1998. p.480-7.
3. Sojka JE. Hypothyroidism in horses. Compend Contin Educ Pract Vet. 1995;17(6):845-52.
4. König HE, Liebich H. Glândulas Endócrinas. In: König HE, Liebich, H. Anatomia dos
animais domésticos: texto e atlas colorido. 4a Ed. São Paulo: Artmed; 2011. p.583-7.
5. Ghoshal NG. Coração e artérias. In: In: Sisson S, Grossman JD. Anatomia dos animais
domésticos. 5a Ed. Rio de Janeiro: Guanabara Koogan; 1986. p.5135-536.
6. Ashdown RR, Done S. Cabeça. In: Ashdown RR, Done S. Atlas colorido de anatomia
veterinária: equinos. 2a ed. Rio de Janeiro: Elsevier; 2012. p.27-31.
7. Dimock WW, Westerfield C, Doll ER. The equine thyroid in health and disease. J Am Vet
Med Assoc. 1944;104:313-7.
8. Taeymans O, Peremans K, Saunders JH. Thyroid imaging in the dog: current status and
future directions. J Vet Intern Med. 2007;21(4):673-84.
9. Barrett KE, Barman SM, Boitano S, Brooks H. The thyroid gland. In: Barrett KE, Barman
SM, Boitano S, Brooks H. Ganong’s review of medical physiology. New York: McGrawHill; 2010. p.301-14.
10. Elce YA, Ross MW, Davidson EJ, Tulleners EP. Unilateral thyroidectomy in 6 horses.
Vet Surg. 2003;32(2):187-90.
11. Lucke VM, Lane LG. C-cell tumors of the thyroid in the horse. Equine Vet J.
1984;16(1):28-30.
12. Ueki H, Kowatari Y, Oyamada T, Oikawa M, Yoshikawa H. Non-functional C-cell
adenoma in aged horses. J Comp Pathol. 2004;131(2-3):157-65.
13. Dalefield RR, Palmer DN. The frequent occurrence of thyroid tumours in aged horses. J
Comp Pathol. 1994;110(1):57-64.
14. Ralston SL, Nockels CF, Squires EL. Differences in diagnostic test results and
hematologic data between aged and young horses. Am J Vet Res. 1988;49(8):1387-92.
15. Breuhaus BA. Disorders of the equine thyroid gland. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract.
2011;27(1):115-28.
16. Van Der Velden MA, Meulenaar H. Medullary thyroid carcinoma in a horse. Vet Pathol.
1986;23(5):622-4.
17. Saulez MN, Kafka MN, Martinez LR, Wilpe EV, Steyl J. The use of nuclear imaging for
a mixed C cell microfollicular carcinoma of the thyroid gland in a mature horse. Equine
Vet Educ. 2013;25(3):118-25.
18. Joyce JR, Thompson RB, Kyzar JR, Hightower D. Thyroid carcinoma in a horse. J Am
Vet Med Assoc. 1976;168(7):610-2.
19. Held JP, Pastton CS, Toal RL, Geiser DR. Work intolerance in a horse with thyroid
carcinoma. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 1985;187(10):1044-5.
20. Hilldge CJ, Sanecki RK, Theodorakis MC. Thyroid carcinoma in a horse. J Am Vet Med
Assoc. 1982;181(7):711-4.
21. Hovda LR, Shaftoe S, Rose ML, Clemmons LH. Mediastinal squamous cell carcinoma
and thyroid carcinoma in an aged horse. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 1990;197(9):1187-9.
22. Schwarz BC, Sallmutter T, Nell B. Keratoconjunctivitis sicca attributable to
parasympathetic facial nerve dysfunction associated with hypothyroidism in a horse. J
Am Vet Med Assoc. 2008;233(11):1761-6.
23. Perillo A, Passantino G, Passantino L, Cianciotta A, Mastrosimini AM, Lacovazzi P, et
al. First observation of an Hashimoto thyroiditis-like disease in horses from eastern
Europe: histopathological and immunological findings. Immunopharmacol
Immunotoxicol. 2005;27(2):241-53.
24. Frank N. Equine metabolic syndrome. J Equine Vet Sci. 2009;29(5):259-67.
25. Johnson PJ, Wiedmeyer CE, Lacarrubba A, Ganjam VK, Messer NT. Laminitis and the
equine metabolic syndrome. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract. 2010;26(2):239-55.
26. Driscoll J, Hintz HF, Schryver HF. Goiter in foals caused by excessive iodine. J Am Vet
Med Assoc. 1978;173(7):858-9.
27. Conway DA, Cosgrove JS. Equine goiter. Irish Vet J. 1980;34:29-32.
28. Baker JR, Wyn-jones G, Eley JL. Case of equine goitre. Vet Rec. 1983;112(17):407-8.
29. Ramirez S, Mcclure JJ, Moore RM, Wolfsheimer KJ, Stephen D, Gaunt SD, et al.
Hyperthyroidism associated with a thyroid adenocarcinoma in a 21-year-old gelding. J
Vet Intern Med. 1998;12(6):475-7.
30. Alberts MK, McCann JP, Woods PR. Hemithyroidectomy in a horse with confirmed
hyperthyroidism. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2000;217(7):1051-4.
31. Tan RHH, Davies SE, Crisman MV, Coyle L, Daniel GB. Propylthiouraci l for treatment
of hyperthyroidism in a horse. J Vet Intern Med. 2008;22(5):1253-8.
32. Rantanen NW. Ultrasound of the endocrine system. In: Ratanen NW, McKinnon AO.
Equine diagnostic ultrasonography. Baltimore: Williams and Wilkins; 1998. p.645-7.
33. Davies S, Barber D, Crisman M, Tan R, Larson M, Daniel G. Quantitative pertechnetate
thyroid scintigraphy and the ultrasonographic appearance of the thyroid gland in
clinically normal horses. Vet Radiol Ultrasound. 2010;51(6):674-80.
34. Turgut AT, Erman Ç, Kosar U, Kosar P, Demirbas B, Aral Y. Maximum systolic velocity
of inferior thyroid artery and thyroideal color doppler flow pattern in hypothyroid
subjects before and after treatment. J Med Ultrasound. 2009;17(1):44-51.
35. Fukunari N. Thyroid ultrasonography B-mode and color-Doppler. Biomed Pharmacother.
2002;56 Suppl 1:55-9.
36. Chiou SC, Peng YS, Chen PY, Ho C, Yeh HY, Lin JD. Color doppler ultrasonography of
inferior thyroid artery and its relation with thyroid functional state. J Med Ultrasound.
2006;14(3):51-7.
37. Taeymans O. Thyroid ultrasound in dogs: a review. Ultrasound. 2009;17(3):137-43.
38. Schulz SL, Seeberger U, Hengstmann JH. Color doppler sonography in hypothyroidism.
Eur J Ultrasound. 2003;16(3):183-9.
39. Kemppainem RJ, Behrend EN. CVT update: interpretation of endocrine diagnostic test
results for adrenal and thyroid disease. In: Bonagura JD, Kirk RW. Kirk’s current
veterinary therapy: small animal practice. Philadelphia: WB Saunders; 2000. v.12, p.321-
3.
40. Ramsey IK, Evans H, Herrtage ME. Thyroid-stimulating hormone and total thyroxine
concentrations in euthyroid, sick euthyroid and hypothyroid dogs. J Small Anim Pract.
1997;38(12):540-5.
41. Cap J, Ryska A, Rehorkova P, Hovorkova E, Kereks Z, Pohnetalova D. Sensitivity and
specificity of the fine needle aspiration biopsy of the thyroid: clinical point of view. Clin
Endocrinol. 1999;51(4):509-15.
42. Gutman PD, Henry M. Fine needle aspiration cytology of the thyroid. Clin Lab Med.
1998;18(3):461-82.
43. Galloway JW, Sardi A, Deconti RW, Mitchell WT, Bolton JS. Changing trends in thyroid
surgery 38'experience. Am Surg. 1991;57(1):18-20.
44. Giuffrida GK, Gharib H. Controversies in the management of cold, hot and occult thyroid
nodules. Am J Med. 1995;99(6):642-50.
45. Montironi R, Braccismi A, Scarpelli M, Matera G, Alberti R. Value of quantitative
nucleolar features in the preoperative cytological diagnosis of follicular neoplasias of the
thyroid. J Clin Pathol. 1991;44(6):509.
46. Gotway MB, Higgins CB. MR imaging of the thyroid and parathyroid glands. Magn
Reson Imaging. 2000;8(1):163-82.
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Published
2017-06-30
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Fernandes Viana G, Hataka A, Nicolau Próspero Puoli Filho J, de Vasconcelos Machado VM. Ultrasonographic features of the thyroid gland in horses. RVZ [Internet]. 2017 Jun. 30 [cited 2024 Nov. 24];24(2):278-8. Available from: https://rvz.emnuvens.com.br/rvz/article/view/307
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