MALE OR FEMALE? HOW THE VERTEBRATE SEX ARE DETERMINED.
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.35172/rvz.2021.v28.573Keywords:
Sexual determination and differentiation, gonadal development, gonad, genes, fish.Abstract
Sexual reproduction is the oldest and universal form of propagation used by vertebrates. The mechanisms that control sexual determination and differentiation in these animals are diverse and depend on a wide variety of genetic factors as well as in some cases environmental factors. Genetic sex can be define by hereditary genetic factors that are determined in fertilization. On the other hand, gonadal differentiation depends on the activation of transcriptional factors that are expressed during the sexual differentiation window. Such factors may have their expression altered by environmental conditions such as temperature and osmolarity, among others. These sexual processes are classically divided into sexual determination and differentiation, respectively. Based on such facts, this review aims to show the basic theoretical reasoning of the processes of sexual determination and differentiation in vertebrates, emphasizing the group of teleost fishes.
References
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3. Graves JA. How to evolve new vertebrate sex determining genes. Dev Dyn. 2013;242(4):354-9. doi: 10.1002/dvdy.23887.
4. Kikuchi K, Hamaguchi S. Novel sex-determining genes in fish and sex chromosome evolution. Dev Dyn. 2013;242(4):339-53. doi: 10.1002/dvdy.23927.
5. Herpin A, Adolfi MC, Nicol B, Hinzmann M, Schmidt C, Klughammer J, Engel M, Tanaka M, Guiguen Y, Schartl M. Divergent expression regulation of gonad development genes in medaka shows incomplete conservation of the downstream regulatory network of vertebrate sex determination. Mol Biol Evol. 2013;30(10):2328-46. doi: 10.1093/molbev/mst130.
6. Heule C, Salzburger W, Böhne A. Genetics of sexual development: an evolutionary playground for fish. Genetics. 2014;196(3):579-91. doi: 10.1534/genetics.114.16115.
7. Devlin RH, Nagahama Y. Sex determination and sex differentiation in fish: an overview of genetic, physiological, and environmental influences. Aquaculture. 2002;208(3–4):191-364. doi:10.1016/S0044-8486(02)00057-1.
8. Graham P, Penn JK, Schedl P. Masters change, slaves remain. Bioessays. 2003;25(1):1-4. doi: 10.1002/bies.
9. Herpin A, Schartl M. Plasticity of gene-regulatory networks controlling sex determination: of masters, slaves, usual suspects, newcomers, and usurpators. EMBO Rep. 2015;16(10):1260-74. doi: 10.15252/embr.201540667.
10. Munger SC, Capel B. Sex and the circuitry: progress toward a systems-level understanding of vertebrate sex determination. Wiley Interdiscip Rev Syst Biol Med. 2012;4(4):401-12. doi: 10.1002/wsbm.1172.
11. Koopman P. Sex determination: the power of DMRT1. Trends Genet. 2009;25(11):479-81. doi: 10.1016/j.tig.2009.09.009.
12. Capel B. Sex in the 90s: SRY and the switch to the male pathway. Annu Rev Physiol. 1998;60:497-523. doi: 10.1146/annurev.physiol.60.1.497.
13. Temel SG, Gulten T, Yakut T, Saglam H, Kilic N, Bausch E, Jin WJ, Leipoldt M, Scherer G. Extended pedigree with multiple cases of XX sex reversal in the absence of SRY and of a mutation at the SOX9 locus. Sex Dev. 2007;1(1):24-34. doi: 10.1159/000096236.
14. Nishioka M, Miura I, Saitoh K. Sex chromosomes of Rana rugosa with special reference to local differences in sex determining mechanism. Sci. Rep. Lab. Amphibian Biol. 1993;(12):55–8. doi:10.15027/14532.
15. Roco ÁS, Olmstead AW, Degitz SJ, Amano T, Zimmerman LB, Bullejos M. Coexistence of Y, W, and Z sex chromosomes in Xenopus tropicalis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2015;112(34):E4752-61. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1505291112.
16. Yoshimoto S, Okada E, Umemoto H, Tamura K, Uno Y, Nishida-Umehara C, Matsuda Y, Takamatsu N, Shiba T, Ito M. A W-linked DM-domain gene, DM-W, participates in primary ovary development in Xenopus laevis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2008;105(7):2469-74. doi: 10.1073/pnas.0712244105.
17. Nanda I, Zend-Ajusch E, Shan Z, Grützner F, Schartl M, Burt DW, Koehler M, Fowler VM, Goodwin G, Schneider WJ, Mizuno S, Dechant G, Haaf T, Schmid M. Conserved synteny between the chicken Z sex chromosome and human chromosome 9 includes the male regulatory gene DMRT1: a comparative (re)view on avian sex determination. Cytogenet Cell Genet. 2000;89(1-2):67-78. doi: 10.1159/000015567.
18. Smith CA, Roeszler KN, Ohnesorg T, Cummins DM, Farlie PG, Doran TJ, Sinclair AH. The avian Z-linked gene DMRT1 is required for male sex determination in the chicken. Nature. 2009;461(7261):267-71. doi: 10.1038/nature08298.
19. Ayers KL, Sinclair AH, Smith CA. The molecular genetics of ovarian differentiation in the avian model. Sex Dev. 2013;7(1-3):80-94. doi: 10.1159/000342358.
20. Raymond CS, Shamu CE, Shen MM, Seifert KJ, Hirsch B, Hodgkin J, Zarkower D. Evidence for evolutionary conservation of sex-determining genes. Nature. 1998 ;391(6668):691-5. doi: 10.1038/35618. PMID: 9490411.
21. Huang S, Ye L, Chen H. Sex determination and maintenance: the role of DMRT1 and FOXL2. Asian J Androl. 2017;19(6):619-624. doi: 10.4103/1008-682X.194420.
22. Mello MP, Assumpção JG, Hackel C. Genes envolvidos na determinação e diferenciação do sexo. Arq. Bras. Endocrinol. Metab. 2005;(49):14-25. doi:10.1590/S0004-27302005000100004
23. Yoshimoto S, Okada E, Umemoto H, Tamura K, Uno Y, Nishida-Umehara C, Matsuda Y, Takamatsu N, Shiba T, Ito M. A W-linked DM-domain gene, DM-W, participates in primary ovary development in Xenopus laevis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2008;105(7):2469-74. doi: 10.1073/pnas.0712244105.
24. Marchand O, Govoroun M, D'Cotta H, McMeel O, Lareyre JJ, Bernot A, Laudet V, Guiguen Y. DMRT1 expression during gonadal differentiation and spermatogenesis in the rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2000;1493(1-2):180-7. doi: 10.1016/s0167-4781(00)00186-x.
25. Ijiri S, Kaneko H, Kobayashi T, Wang DS, Sakai F, Paul-Prasanth B, Nakamura M, Nagahama Y. Sexual dimorphic expression of genes in gonads during early differentiation of a teleost fish, the Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus. Biol Reprod. 2008;78(2):333-41. doi: 10.1095/biolreprod.107.064246.
26. Guo Y, Cheng H, Huang X, Gao S, Yu H, Zhou R. Gene structure, multiple alternative splicing, and expression in gonads of zebrafish Dmrt1. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2005;330(3):950-7. doi: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2005.03.066.
27. Webster KA, Schach U, Ordaz A, Steinfeld JS, Draper BW, Siegfried KR. Dmrt1 is necessary for male sexual development in zebrafish. Dev Biol. 2017;422(1):33-46. doi: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2016.12.008.
28. Lin Q, Mei J, Li Z, Zhang X, Zhou L, Gui JF. Distinct and Cooperative Roles of amh and dmrt1 in Self-Renewal and Differentiation of Male Germ Cells in Zebrafish. Genetics. 2017;207(3):1007-1022. doi: 10.1534/genetics.117.300274.
29. Matsuda M, Nagahama Y, Shinomiya A, Sato T, Matsuda C, Kobayashi T, Morrey CE, Shibata N, Asakawa S, Shimizu N, Hori H, Hamaguchi S, Sakaizumi M. DMY is a Y-specific DM-domain gene required for male development in the medaka fish. Nature. 2002;417(6888):559-63. doi: 10.1038/nature751.
30. Nanda I, Kondo M, Hornung U, Asakawa S, Winkler C, Shimizu A, Shan Z, Haaf T, Shimizu N, Shima A, Schmid M, Schartl M. A duplicated copy of DMRT1 in the sex-determining region of the Y chromosome of the medaka, Oryzias latipes. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2002;99(18):11778-83. doi: 10.1073/pnas.182314699.
31. Kang Y, Guan GJ, Hong YH. Insights of sex determination and differentiation from medaka as a teleost model. Yi Chuan. 2017;39(6):441-454. doi: 10.16288/j.yczz.17-140.
32. Matsuda M, Matsuda C, Hamaguchi S, Sakaizumi M. Identification of the sex chromosomes of the medaka, Oryzias latipes, by fluorescence in situ hybridization. Cytogenet Cell Genet. 1998;82(3-4):257-62. doi: 10.1159/000015113.
33. Thorgaard GH. Heteromorphic sex chromosomes in male rainbow trout. Science. 1977;196(4292):900-2. doi: 10.1126/science.860122.
34. Iturra P, Lam N, de la Fuente M, Vergara N, Medrano JF. Characterization of sex chromosomes in rainbow trout and coho salmon using fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH). Genetica. 2001;111(1-3):125-31. doi: 10.1023/a:1013725717142.
35. Baroiller JF, D'Cotta H, Saillant E. Environmental effects on fish sex determination and differentiation. Sex Dev. 2009;3(2-3):118-35. doi: 10.1159/000223077.
36. Mair GC, Scott AG, Penman DJ, Skibinski DO, Beardmore JA. Sex determination in the genus Oreochromis : 2. Sex reversal, hybridisation, gynogenesis and triploidy in O. aureus Steindachner. Theor Appl Genet. 1991;82(2):153-60. doi: 10.1007/BF00226206.
37. Volff JN, Schartl M. Variability of genetic sex determination in poeciliid fishes. Genetica. 2001;111(1-3):101-10. doi: 10.1023/a:1013795415808.
38. Schartl M. A comparative view on sex determination in medaka. Mech Dev. 2004;121(7-8):639-45. doi: 10.1016/j.mod.2004.03.001.
39. Adolfi MC, Nakajima RT, Nóbrega RH, Schartl M. Intersex, Hermaphroditism, and Gonadal Plasticity in Vertebrates: Evolution of the Müllerian Duct and Amh/Amhr2 Signaling. Annu Rev Anim Biosci. 2019;7:149-172. doi: 10.1146/annurev-animal-020518-114955.
40. Valenzuela N, Adams DC, Janzen FJ. Pattern does not equal process: exactly when is sex environmentally determined? Am Nat. 2003;161(4):676-83. doi: 10.1086/368292.
41. Hayashi Y, Kobira H, Yamaguchi T, Shiraishi E, Yazawa T, Hirai T, Kamei Y, Kitano T. High temperature causes masculinization of genetically female medaka by elevation of cortisol. Mol Reprod Dev. 2010;77(8):679-86. doi: 10.1002/mrd.21203.
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2021-11-08
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de Oliveira MA. MALE OR FEMALE? HOW THE VERTEBRATE SEX ARE DETERMINED. RVZ [Internet]. 2021 Nov. 8 [cited 2024 Nov. 24];28:1-13. Available from: https://rvz.emnuvens.com.br/rvz/article/view/573
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Este obra está licenciado com uma Licença Creative Commons Atribuição-NãoComercial 4.0 Internacional.
