DIARREA EPIDEMICA SUINA (PED), ENFERMEDAD EXOTICA EN EL BRASIL, PERO EMERGENTE EL LAS AMÉRICAS.
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.35172/rvz.2021.v28.464Palabras clave:
coronavirus suino, diarreia neonatal, PEDvResumen
Brotes recientes de la Diarrea Epidémica Suína (PED, en inglés) han sido descritas en diversos países, sobre todo en China y Estados Unidos, y ha provocado un significativo impacto económico a la suinocultura mundial. Como la enfermedad también se diseminó en América del Sur, afectando a Perú, Colombia y Ecuador, el conocimiento sobre la enfermedad es de extrema relevancia para el mantenimiento del estatus libre de la enfermedad en el Brasil.
La PED es causada por el virus de la familia Coronaviridae, caracterizándose por diarrea liquida profusa y vómito, de intensidad variable, siendo más grave en lechones neonatos. La RT-PCR ha sido la técnica de diagnóstico más utilizada, pero la serología e inmunohistoquímica también pueden ser utilizadas. La vacuna comercial disponible en los Estados Unidos es considerada de alto costo y efectividad intermedia, por eso, protocolos rígidos de bioseguridad son fundamentales para dificultar la entrada del agente en el rebaño. Estudios recientes se han intensificado en el sentido de dilucidar la epidemiologia de la enfermedad, una vez que la vía de diseminación viral entre rebaños aún no se encuentra completamente establecida y el impacto económico causado por la alta mortalidad, sobre todo de animales lactantes, compromete sensiblemente la producción de carne suína en los países afectados.
Citas
Referências
1. Chasey D, Cartwright SF. Virus-like particles associated with porcine epidemic diarrhoea. Res Vet Sci. 1978;25(2), 255-256.
2. Pensaert MB, De Bouck P. A new coronavirus-like particle associated with diarrhea in swine. Arch Virol. 1978;58(3), 243-247.
3. Jung K, Wang Q, Scheuer K A, Lu Z, Zhang Y, Saif LJ. Pathology of US porcine epidemic diarrhea virus strain PC21A in gnotobiotic pigs. Emerg Infect Dis. 2014;20(4), 662.
4. Stevenson GW, Hoang H, Schwartz KJ, Burrough ER, Sun D, Madson D, Cooper, VL, Pillatzki A, Gauger P, Schmitt BJ, Koster LG, Killian ML, Yoon KJ. Emergence of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus in the United States: clinical signs, lesions, and viral genomic sequences. J Vet Diagn Invest. 2013;25(5), 649-654.
5. Paarlberg, PL. Updated estimated economic welfare impacts of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDv). Department of Agricultural Economics. Purdue University, 2014.
6. Pan Y, Tian X, Li W, Zhou Q, Wang D, Bi Y, Chen F, Song Y. Isolation and characterization of a variant porcine epidemic diarrhea virus in China. Virol J. 2012;9(1), 195.
7. Yang DQ, Ge FF, Ju HB, Wang J, Liu J, Ning K, Liu PH, Zhou JP, Sun QY. Whole-genome analysis of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) from eastern China. Arch Virol. 2014;159(10), 2777-2785.
8. International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses. Virus taxonomy, 2012. Disponível em <http://ictvonline.org/virusTaxonomy.asp?version=2012>. Acesso em 21 de jun. de 2015.
9. Quiroga MA, Cappuccio J, Piñeyro P, Basso W, Moré G, Kienast M, Schonfeld S, Cancer JL, Arauz S, Pintos ME, Nanni M, Machuca M, Hirano N, Perfumo C. Hemagglutinating encephalomyelitis coronavirus infection in pigs, Argentina. Emerg Infect Dis. 2008;14(3), 484.
10. Woo PC, Lau SK, Lam CS, Lau CC, Tsang AK, Lau JH, Bai R, Teng JLL, Tsang CCC, Wang M, Zheng BJ, Chan KH, Yuen KY. Discovery of seven novel Mammalian and avian coronaviruses in the genus deltacoronavirus supports bat coronaviruses as the gene source of alphacoronavirus and betacoronavirus and avian coronaviruses as the gene source of gammacoronavirus and deltacoronavirus. J Virol. 2012;86(7), 3995-4008.
11. Lee S, Lee C. Complete Genome Characterization of Korean Porcine Deltacoronavirus Strain KOR/KNU14-04/2014. Genome Announc. 2014;2. 1-2.
12. Wang L, Byrum B, Zhang Y. Detection and genetic characterization of deltacoronavirus in pigs, Ohio, USA, 2014. Emerg Infect Dis. (2014). 20(7), 1227.
13. SAIF, L.J., et al. Coronaviruses. In: ZIMMERMAN, J. J., et al. Diseases of swine, 10th ed, 2012, Cap. 35, p.501-524.
14. Song D, Park B. Porcine epidemic diarrhoea virus: a comprehensive review of molecular epidemiology, diagnosis, and vaccines. Virus Gen. 2012;44,167-175.
15. Xu X, Zhang H, Zhang Q, Huang Y, Dong J, Liang Y, Liu HJ, Tong, D. Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus N protein prolongs S-phase cell cycle, induces endoplasmic reticulum stress, and up-regulates interleukin-8 expression. Vet Microbiol. 2013;164(3-4), 212-221.
16. Meng F, Suo S, Zarlenga DS, Cong Y, Ma X, Zhao Q, Ren, X. A phage-displayed peptide recognizing porcine aminopeptidase N is a potent small molecule inhibitor of PEDV entry. Virol. 2014;456, 20-27.
17. Ge FF, Yang DQ, Ju HB, Wang J, Liu J, Liu PH, Zhou JP. Epidemiological survey of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus in swine farms in Shanghai, China. Arch Virol. (2013);158(11), 2227-2231.
18. Puranaveja S, Poolperm P, Lertwatcharasarakul P, Kesdaengsakonwut S, Boonsoongnern A, Urairong K, Kitikoon P, Choojai P, Kedkovid R, Teankum K, Thanawongnuwech, R. Chinese-like strain of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus, Thailand. Emerg Infect Dis. 2009;15(7), 1112.
19. Choi JC, Lee KK, Pi JH, Park SY, Song CS, Choi IS, Lee SW. Comparative genome analysis and molecular epidemiology of the reemerging porcine epidemic diarrhea virus strains isolated in Korea. Infect Genet Evolut. 2014;26, 348-351.
20. OIEa, 2013 Disponível em: <http://www.oie.int/wahis_2/public/wahid.php/Reviewreport/Review?page_refer=MapFullEventReport&reportid=15288>. Acesso em 15 de mai. de 2015.
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23. OIEd, 2014. Disponível em: <http://www.oie.int/wahis_2/public/wahid.php/Reviewreport/Review?page_refer=MapFullEventReport&reportid=15389>. Acesso em 15 de mai. de 2015.
24. MAPA: Ministério da Agricultura, Pecuária e Abastecimento, 2014. Disponível em: <http://www.agricultura.gov.br/animal/noticias/2014/04/geller-explica-acoes-para-evitar-doenca-de-suinos-no-brasil>. Acesso em: 15 de mai. de 2015.
25. Huang YW, Dickerman AW, Piñeyro P, Li L, Fang L, Kiehne R, Meng XJ. Origin, evolution, and genotyping of emergent porcine epidemic diarrhea virus strains in the United States. MBio. 2013;4(5), e00737-13.
26. Opriessnig T, Xiao CT, Gerber PF, Zhang J, Halbur PG. Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus RNA present in commercial spray-dried porcine plasma is not infectious to naive pigs. PloS one. 2014;9(8), e104766.
27. Crawford K, Lager K, Miller L, Opriessnig T, Gerber P, Hesse R. Evaluation of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus transmission and the immune response in growing pigs. Vet Res. 2015; 46(1), 49.
28. Alonso C, Goede DP, Morrison RB, Davies PR, Rovira A, Marthaler DG, Torremorell M. Evidence of infectivity of airborne porcine epidemic diarrhea virus and detection of airborne viral RNA at long distances from infected herds. Vet Res. 2014;45(1), 73.
29. Lowe J, Gauger P, Harmon K, Zhang J, Connor J, Yeske P, Main R. Role of transportation in spread of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus infection, United States. Emerg Infect Dis. 2014;20(5), 872.
30. USDA, 2014. Disponível em < https://www.usda.gov/> Acesso em 21 de jun. de 2015.
31. Kim O, Chae C. Experimental Infection of Piglets with a Korean Strain of Porcine Epidemic Diarrhoea Virus. J Comp Pathol. 2003;129, 55-60.
32. Kim SY, Lee C. Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus induces caspase-independent apoptosis through activation of mitochondrial apoptosis-inducing factor. Virol. 2014;460-461, 180-193.
33. Ducatelle R, Coussement W, Debouck P, Hoorens J. Pathology of experimental CV777 coronavirus enteritis in piglets. II. Electron microscopic study. Vet Pathol. 1982;19(1), 57-66.
34. Sueyoshi M, Tsuda T, Yamazaki K, Yoshida K, Nakazawa M, Sato K, Mori M. An immunohistochemical investigation of porcine epidemic diarrhoea. J Comp Pathol. 1995;113(1), 59-67.
35. Bi J, Zeng S, Xiao S, Chen H, Fang L. Complete genome sequence of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus strain AJ1102 isolated from a suckling piglet with acute diarrhea in China. J Virol. 2012;86(19), 10910-10911.
36. Li W, Li H, Liu Y, Pan Y, Deng F, Song Y, He Q. New variants of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus, China, 2011. Emerg Infect Dis. 2012;18(8), 1350.
37. Pijpers A, Terpstra C, Verheijden JH. Porcine epidemic diarrhoea virus as a cause of persistent diarrhoea in a herd of breeding and finishing pigs. Vet Rec 1993;132(6), 129-131.
38. Kim O, Chae C, Kweon CH. Monoclonal antibody-based immunohistochemical detection of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus antigen in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded intestinal tissues. J Vet Diagn Invest. 1999;11(5), 458-462.
39. Kim SH, Kim IJ, Pyo HM, Tark DS, Song JY, Hyun BH. Multiplex real-time RT-PCR for the simultaneous detection and quantification of transmissible gastroenteritis virus and porcine epidemic diarrhea virus. J Virologic Method 2007;146(1-2), 172-177.
40. Wang Y, Gao X, Yao Y, Zhang Y, Lv C, Sun Z, Li X. The dynamics of Chinese variant porcine epidemic diarrhea virus production in Vero cells and intestines of 2-day old piglets. Virus Res. (2015);208, 82-88.
41. YOON, K.D. The emergence of porcine epidemic diarrhea in US swine: Surprises on the road to prevention and control. In: Proceedings of the International Pig Veterinary Society (IPVS) Congress, 23rd, Cancun, Mexico, 2014, v.1, 361p. p.64-66.
42. Carvajal A, Lanza I, Diego R, Rubio P, Cámenes P. Evaluation of a blocking ELISA using monoclonal antibodies for the detection of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus and its antibodies. J Vet Diagn Invest. 1995;7(1), 60-64.
43. Thomas PR, Karriker LA, Ramirez A, Zhang J, Ellingson JS, Crawford KK, Holtkamp DJ. Evaluation of time and temperature sufficient to inactivate porcine epidemic diarrhea virus in swine feces on metal surfaces. JSHAP. 2015;23(2), 84.
44. Jung K, Kang BK, Kim JY, Shin KS, Lee CS, Song DS. Effects of epidermal growth factor on atrophic enteritis in piglets induced by experimental porcine epidemic diarrhoea virus. Vet J. 2008;177(2), 231-235.
45. Offit PA, Clark J. Protection against rotavirus-induced gastroenteritis in a murine model by passively acquired gastrointestinal but not circulating antibodies. J Virol. 1985;54, 58–64.
46. Song DS, Oh JS, Kang BK, Yang JS, Moon HJ, Yoo HS, Park B. Oral efficacy of Vero cell attenuated porcine epidemic diarrhea virus DR13 strain. Res Vet Sci 2007;82(1), 134-140.
47. De Arriba ML, Carvajal A, Pozo J, Rubio P. Mucosal and systemic isotype-specific antibody responses and protection in conventional pigs exposed to virulent or attenuated porcine epidemic diarrhoea virus. Vet Immunol Immunopathol. 2002;85(1-2), 85-97.
48. Chen J, Wang C, Shi H, Qiu H, Liu S, Chen X, Feng L. Molecular epidemiology of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus in China. Archiv Virol. 2010;155(9), 1471-1476.
49. Collin EA, Anbalagan S, Okda F, Batman R, Nelson E, Hause BM. An inactivated vaccine made from a US field isolate of porcine epidemic disease virus is immunogenic in pigs as demonstrated by a dose-titration. BMC Vet Res. (2015). 11(1), 62.
1. Chasey D, Cartwright SF. Virus-like particles associated with porcine epidemic diarrhoea. Res Vet Sci. 1978;25(2), 255-256.
2. Pensaert MB, De Bouck P. A new coronavirus-like particle associated with diarrhea in swine. Arch Virol. 1978;58(3), 243-247.
3. Jung K, Wang Q, Scheuer K A, Lu Z, Zhang Y, Saif LJ. Pathology of US porcine epidemic diarrhea virus strain PC21A in gnotobiotic pigs. Emerg Infect Dis. 2014;20(4), 662.
4. Stevenson GW, Hoang H, Schwartz KJ, Burrough ER, Sun D, Madson D, Cooper, VL, Pillatzki A, Gauger P, Schmitt BJ, Koster LG, Killian ML, Yoon KJ. Emergence of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus in the United States: clinical signs, lesions, and viral genomic sequences. J Vet Diagn Invest. 2013;25(5), 649-654.
5. Paarlberg, PL. Updated estimated economic welfare impacts of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDv). Department of Agricultural Economics. Purdue University, 2014.
6. Pan Y, Tian X, Li W, Zhou Q, Wang D, Bi Y, Chen F, Song Y. Isolation and characterization of a variant porcine epidemic diarrhea virus in China. Virol J. 2012;9(1), 195.
7. Yang DQ, Ge FF, Ju HB, Wang J, Liu J, Ning K, Liu PH, Zhou JP, Sun QY. Whole-genome analysis of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) from eastern China. Arch Virol. 2014;159(10), 2777-2785.
8. International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses. Virus taxonomy, 2012. Disponível em <http://ictvonline.org/virusTaxonomy.asp?version=2012>. Acesso em 21 de jun. de 2015.
9. Quiroga MA, Cappuccio J, Piñeyro P, Basso W, Moré G, Kienast M, Schonfeld S, Cancer JL, Arauz S, Pintos ME, Nanni M, Machuca M, Hirano N, Perfumo C. Hemagglutinating encephalomyelitis coronavirus infection in pigs, Argentina. Emerg Infect Dis. 2008;14(3), 484.
10. Woo PC, Lau SK, Lam CS, Lau CC, Tsang AK, Lau JH, Bai R, Teng JLL, Tsang CCC, Wang M, Zheng BJ, Chan KH, Yuen KY. Discovery of seven novel Mammalian and avian coronaviruses in the genus deltacoronavirus supports bat coronaviruses as the gene source of alphacoronavirus and betacoronavirus and avian coronaviruses as the gene source of gammacoronavirus and deltacoronavirus. J Virol. 2012;86(7), 3995-4008.
11. Lee S, Lee C. Complete Genome Characterization of Korean Porcine Deltacoronavirus Strain KOR/KNU14-04/2014. Genome Announc. 2014;2. 1-2.
12. Wang L, Byrum B, Zhang Y. Detection and genetic characterization of deltacoronavirus in pigs, Ohio, USA, 2014. Emerg Infect Dis. (2014). 20(7), 1227.
13. SAIF, L.J., et al. Coronaviruses. In: ZIMMERMAN, J. J., et al. Diseases of swine, 10th ed, 2012, Cap. 35, p.501-524.
14. Song D, Park B. Porcine epidemic diarrhoea virus: a comprehensive review of molecular epidemiology, diagnosis, and vaccines. Virus Gen. 2012;44,167-175.
15. Xu X, Zhang H, Zhang Q, Huang Y, Dong J, Liang Y, Liu HJ, Tong, D. Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus N protein prolongs S-phase cell cycle, induces endoplasmic reticulum stress, and up-regulates interleukin-8 expression. Vet Microbiol. 2013;164(3-4), 212-221.
16. Meng F, Suo S, Zarlenga DS, Cong Y, Ma X, Zhao Q, Ren, X. A phage-displayed peptide recognizing porcine aminopeptidase N is a potent small molecule inhibitor of PEDV entry. Virol. 2014;456, 20-27.
17. Ge FF, Yang DQ, Ju HB, Wang J, Liu J, Liu PH, Zhou JP. Epidemiological survey of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus in swine farms in Shanghai, China. Arch Virol. (2013);158(11), 2227-2231.
18. Puranaveja S, Poolperm P, Lertwatcharasarakul P, Kesdaengsakonwut S, Boonsoongnern A, Urairong K, Kitikoon P, Choojai P, Kedkovid R, Teankum K, Thanawongnuwech, R. Chinese-like strain of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus, Thailand. Emerg Infect Dis. 2009;15(7), 1112.
19. Choi JC, Lee KK, Pi JH, Park SY, Song CS, Choi IS, Lee SW. Comparative genome analysis and molecular epidemiology of the reemerging porcine epidemic diarrhea virus strains isolated in Korea. Infect Genet Evolut. 2014;26, 348-351.
20. OIEa, 2013 Disponível em: <http://www.oie.int/wahis_2/public/wahid.php/Reviewreport/Review?page_refer=MapFullEventReport&reportid=15288>. Acesso em 15 de mai. de 2015.
21. OIEb, 2014. Disponível em: <http://www.oie.int/wahis_2/public/wahid.php/Reviewreport/Review?page_refer=MapFullEventReport&reportid=15161>. Acesso em 15 de mai. de 2015.
22. OIEc, 2014. Disponível em: http://www.oie.int/wahis_2/public/wahid.php/Reviewreport/Review?page_refer=MapFullEventReport&reportid=15422>. Acesso em 15 de mai. de 2015.
23. OIEd, 2014. Disponível em: <http://www.oie.int/wahis_2/public/wahid.php/Reviewreport/Review?page_refer=MapFullEventReport&reportid=15389>. Acesso em 15 de mai. de 2015.
24. MAPA: Ministério da Agricultura, Pecuária e Abastecimento, 2014. Disponível em: <http://www.agricultura.gov.br/animal/noticias/2014/04/geller-explica-acoes-para-evitar-doenca-de-suinos-no-brasil>. Acesso em: 15 de mai. de 2015.
25. Huang YW, Dickerman AW, Piñeyro P, Li L, Fang L, Kiehne R, Meng XJ. Origin, evolution, and genotyping of emergent porcine epidemic diarrhea virus strains in the United States. MBio. 2013;4(5), e00737-13.
26. Opriessnig T, Xiao CT, Gerber PF, Zhang J, Halbur PG. Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus RNA present in commercial spray-dried porcine plasma is not infectious to naive pigs. PloS one. 2014;9(8), e104766.
27. Crawford K, Lager K, Miller L, Opriessnig T, Gerber P, Hesse R. Evaluation of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus transmission and the immune response in growing pigs. Vet Res. 2015; 46(1), 49.
28. Alonso C, Goede DP, Morrison RB, Davies PR, Rovira A, Marthaler DG, Torremorell M. Evidence of infectivity of airborne porcine epidemic diarrhea virus and detection of airborne viral RNA at long distances from infected herds. Vet Res. 2014;45(1), 73.
29. Lowe J, Gauger P, Harmon K, Zhang J, Connor J, Yeske P, Main R. Role of transportation in spread of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus infection, United States. Emerg Infect Dis. 2014;20(5), 872.
30. USDA, 2014. Disponível em < https://www.usda.gov/> Acesso em 21 de jun. de 2015.
31. Kim O, Chae C. Experimental Infection of Piglets with a Korean Strain of Porcine Epidemic Diarrhoea Virus. J Comp Pathol. 2003;129, 55-60.
32. Kim SY, Lee C. Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus induces caspase-independent apoptosis through activation of mitochondrial apoptosis-inducing factor. Virol. 2014;460-461, 180-193.
33. Ducatelle R, Coussement W, Debouck P, Hoorens J. Pathology of experimental CV777 coronavirus enteritis in piglets. II. Electron microscopic study. Vet Pathol. 1982;19(1), 57-66.
34. Sueyoshi M, Tsuda T, Yamazaki K, Yoshida K, Nakazawa M, Sato K, Mori M. An immunohistochemical investigation of porcine epidemic diarrhoea. J Comp Pathol. 1995;113(1), 59-67.
35. Bi J, Zeng S, Xiao S, Chen H, Fang L. Complete genome sequence of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus strain AJ1102 isolated from a suckling piglet with acute diarrhea in China. J Virol. 2012;86(19), 10910-10911.
36. Li W, Li H, Liu Y, Pan Y, Deng F, Song Y, He Q. New variants of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus, China, 2011. Emerg Infect Dis. 2012;18(8), 1350.
37. Pijpers A, Terpstra C, Verheijden JH. Porcine epidemic diarrhoea virus as a cause of persistent diarrhoea in a herd of breeding and finishing pigs. Vet Rec 1993;132(6), 129-131.
38. Kim O, Chae C, Kweon CH. Monoclonal antibody-based immunohistochemical detection of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus antigen in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded intestinal tissues. J Vet Diagn Invest. 1999;11(5), 458-462.
39. Kim SH, Kim IJ, Pyo HM, Tark DS, Song JY, Hyun BH. Multiplex real-time RT-PCR for the simultaneous detection and quantification of transmissible gastroenteritis virus and porcine epidemic diarrhea virus. J Virologic Method 2007;146(1-2), 172-177.
40. Wang Y, Gao X, Yao Y, Zhang Y, Lv C, Sun Z, Li X. The dynamics of Chinese variant porcine epidemic diarrhea virus production in Vero cells and intestines of 2-day old piglets. Virus Res. (2015);208, 82-88.
41. YOON, K.D. The emergence of porcine epidemic diarrhea in US swine: Surprises on the road to prevention and control. In: Proceedings of the International Pig Veterinary Society (IPVS) Congress, 23rd, Cancun, Mexico, 2014, v.1, 361p. p.64-66.
42. Carvajal A, Lanza I, Diego R, Rubio P, Cámenes P. Evaluation of a blocking ELISA using monoclonal antibodies for the detection of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus and its antibodies. J Vet Diagn Invest. 1995;7(1), 60-64.
43. Thomas PR, Karriker LA, Ramirez A, Zhang J, Ellingson JS, Crawford KK, Holtkamp DJ. Evaluation of time and temperature sufficient to inactivate porcine epidemic diarrhea virus in swine feces on metal surfaces. JSHAP. 2015;23(2), 84.
44. Jung K, Kang BK, Kim JY, Shin KS, Lee CS, Song DS. Effects of epidermal growth factor on atrophic enteritis in piglets induced by experimental porcine epidemic diarrhoea virus. Vet J. 2008;177(2), 231-235.
45. Offit PA, Clark J. Protection against rotavirus-induced gastroenteritis in a murine model by passively acquired gastrointestinal but not circulating antibodies. J Virol. 1985;54, 58–64.
46. Song DS, Oh JS, Kang BK, Yang JS, Moon HJ, Yoo HS, Park B. Oral efficacy of Vero cell attenuated porcine epidemic diarrhea virus DR13 strain. Res Vet Sci 2007;82(1), 134-140.
47. De Arriba ML, Carvajal A, Pozo J, Rubio P. Mucosal and systemic isotype-specific antibody responses and protection in conventional pigs exposed to virulent or attenuated porcine epidemic diarrhoea virus. Vet Immunol Immunopathol. 2002;85(1-2), 85-97.
48. Chen J, Wang C, Shi H, Qiu H, Liu S, Chen X, Feng L. Molecular epidemiology of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus in China. Archiv Virol. 2010;155(9), 1471-1476.
49. Collin EA, Anbalagan S, Okda F, Batman R, Nelson E, Hause BM. An inactivated vaccine made from a US field isolate of porcine epidemic disease virus is immunogenic in pigs as demonstrated by a dose-titration. BMC Vet Res. (2015). 11(1), 62.
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2021-01-13
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Pereira CER, Resende TP, Vannucci FA, Guedes RMC. DIARREA EPIDEMICA SUINA (PED), ENFERMEDAD EXOTICA EN EL BRASIL, PERO EMERGENTE EL LAS AMÉRICAS. . RVZ [Internet]. 13 de enero de 2021 [citado 24 de noviembre de 2024];28:1-12. Disponible en: https://rvz.emnuvens.com.br/rvz/article/view/464
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