The nervous form of canine distemper
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.35172/rvz.2006.v13.258Keywords:
dog, canine distemper virus, nervous distemper, encephalomyelitisAbstract
Canine distemper is a systemic infection, frequently lethal in dogs. The canine distemper virus
(CDV) causes a persistent infection within the central nervous system resulting in a
progressive, multifocal demyelinating disease. In dogs, CDV infection may lead to
gastrointestinal and/or respiratory signs, frequently with central nervous system involvement.
Myoclonus has been a common and characteristic sign observed in dogs with distemper
encephalomyelitis. However, the nervous form of distemper may occur in the absence of
myoclonus and systemic involvement. This review will point the clinical course and the
neurological signs of nervous distemper, as well the clinical syndromes of CDV infection,
neuropathology of acute and chronic demyelination, and diagnostic aids of CDV
encephalomyelitis.
References
ALLDINGER, S.; WUNSCHMANN, A.; BAUMGÄRTNER, W.; VOSS, C.; KREMMER,
E. Up-regulation of major histocompatibility complex class II antigen expression in the
central nervous system of dogs with spontaneous canine distemper virus encephalitis. Acta
Neuropathol., v, 92, p.273-280, 1996.
AMUDE, A.M.; ALFIERI, A.A.; ALFIERI A.F. Antemortem Diagnosis of CDV Infection by
RT-PCR in Distemper Dogs with Neurological Deficits without the Typical Clinical
Presentation. Vet. Res. Commun., v.30, p.679-687, 2006a.
AMUDE, A.M.; ALFIERI, A.A.; ALFIERI A.F. Clinicopathological findings in dogs with
distemper encephalomyelitis presented without characteristic signs of the disease. Res. Vet.
Sci., v.90, in press, 2007.
AMUDE, A.M.; ARIAS, M.V.B.; ALFIERI, A.A.; ALFIERI A.F. Clinical syndromes of
canine distemper encephalomyelitis. Arq. Bras. Med. Vet. Zootec., submitted, 2006b.
AMUDE, A.M.; ALFIERI, A.A.; BALARIN, M.R.S.; FARIA DOS REIS, A.C.; ALFIERI,
A.F. Cerebrospinal fluid from a 7-month-old dog with seizure-like episodes. Vet. Clin.
Pathol. J., v.35, p.119-122, 2006c.
AMUDE, A.M.; CARVALHO, G. A.; BALARIN, M.R.S.; ARIAS, M.V.B.; FARIA DOS
REIS, A.C.; ALFIERI, A.A.; ALFIERI, A.F. Encefalomielite pelo vírus da cinonose canina
em cães sem sinais sistêmicos da doença – estudos preliminares em três casos. Clínica
Veterinária v.60, p.60-66, 2006d.
BRAUND, K.G. Inflammatory Diseases of the Central Nervous System. 2001. Available at:
www.ivis.org. Accessed Nov 11, 2001.
BRAUND, K.G. Clinical Syndromes in Veterinary Neurology. 2nd ed. St Louis: Mosby,
1994, 477p.
FAUQUET, C.M.; MAYO, M.A.; MANILOFF, J.; DESSELBERGER, V.; BALL, L.A.
Virus Taxonomy: The light report. San Diego: Academic Press, 2004.
FRISK, A.L.; KONIG, M.; MORITZ, A.; BAUMGÄRTNER, W. Detection of canine
distemper virus nucleoprotein RNA by reverse transcription-PCR using serum, whole blood,
and cerebrospinal fluid from dogs with distemper. J. Clin. Microbiol., v.37, p.3634-3643,
1999.
GEBARA, C.M.S.; WOSIACKI, S.R.; NEGRÃO, F.J.; ALFIERI, A.A.; ALFIERI, A.F.
Lesões histopatológicas no sistema nervoso central de cães com encefalite e diagnóstico
molecular da infecção pelo vírus da cinomose canina. Arq. Bras. Med. Vet. Zootec., v.56,
p.168-174, 2004a.
GEBARA, C.M.S.; WOSIACKI, S.R.; NEGRÃO, F.J.; DE OLIVEIRA, D.B.; BELONI,
S.N.B.; ALFIERI, A.A.; ALFIERI, A.F. Detecção do gene da nucleoproteína do vírus da
cinomose canina por RT-PCR em urina de cães com sinais clínicos de cinomose. Arq. Bras.
Med. Vet. Zootec., v.56, p.480-487, 2004b.
GRABER, H.; MÜLLER, C.; VANDEVELDE, M.; ZURBRIGGEN, A. Restricted infection
with canine distemper virus leads to down-regulation of myelin gene transcription in cultured
oligodendrocytes. Acta Neuropathol., v.90, p.312-318, 1995.
GREENE, G.E.; APPEL, M.J. Canine distemper. In: Greene, G.E. Infectious Diseases of
dog and the cat. 2nd ed. Philadelphia: W.B.Saunders, 1998. p. 9-22.
HEADLEY, S.A.; GRAÇA, D.L. Canine distemper: epidemiological findings of 250 cases.
Bras. J. Vet. Res. Anim. Sci., v.37, p.136-140, 2000.
JÓZWIK, A.; FRYMUS, T. Comparison of the Immunofluorescence Assay with RT-PCR and
Nested PCR in the Diagnosis of Canine Distemper. Vet. Res. Commun., v.29, p.347-359,
2005.
KOUTINAS, A.F.; POLIZOPOULOU, Z.S.; BAUMGÄRTNER, W.; LEKKAS, S.;
KONTOS, V. Relation of clinical sings to pathological changes in 19 cases of canine
distemper encephalomyelitis. J. Comp. Pathol., v.126, p.47-56, 2002.
MAIO, Q.; BAUMGÄRTNER, W.; FAILING, K.; ALLDINGER, S. Phase-dependent
expression of matrix metalloproteinases and their inhibitions in demyelinating canine
distemper encephalitis. Acta Neuropathol., v.106, p.486-494, 2003.
MEERTENS, N.; STOFFEL, M.H.; CHERPILLOD, P.; WITTEK, R.; VANDEVELDE, M.;
ZURBRIGGEN, A. Mechanism of reduction of virus release and cell-cell fusion in persistent
canine distemper virus infection. Acta Neuropathol., v.106, p.303-310, 2003.
MORITZ, A.; FRISK, A.L.; BAUMGÄRTNER, W. The evaluation of diagnostic procedures
for the detection of canine distemper virus infection. Europ. J. Comp. Anim. Pract., v.10,
p.37-47, 2000.
MORO, L.; MARTINS, A.S.; ALVES, C.M.; SANTOS, F.G.A.; DEL PUERTO, H.L.;
VASCONCELOS, A.C. Apoptosis in the Cerebellum of Dogs with Distemper. J. Vet. Med.
B, v.50, p.221-225, 2003.
MULLER, C.F.; FATZER, R.S.; BECK, K.; VANDEVELDE, M.; ZURBRIGGEN, A.
Studies on canine distemper virus persistence in the central nervous system. Acta
Neuropathol., 89, 438-445. 1995.
NEGRÃO, F.J.; WOSIACK, S.H.; ALFIERI, A.A.; ALFIERI, A.F. Perfil de restrição de um
fragmento do gene H amplificado pela RT-PCR a partir de estirpes vacinais e selvagens do
CDV. Arq. Bras. Med. Vet. Zootec., v.58, p.1099-1106, 2006.
SAITO, T.B.; ALFIERI A.A.; NEGRÃO, F.J.; MORAIS, H.S.A.; ALFIERI, A.F.
Optimization and evaluation of the RT-PCR assay for Ante and Post mortem detection of
canine distemper virus infection. Rev. Vet. Zootec., v.13, p.63-72, 2006a
SAITO, T.B.; ALFIERI, A.A.; WOSIACKI, S.R.; NEGRÃO, F.J.; MORAIS, H.S.A.;
ALFIERI, A.F. Detection of canine distemper virus by reverse transcription-polimerase chain
reaction in the urine of dogs with clinical signs of distemper encephalitis. Res. Vet. Sci., v.80,
p.116-119, 2006b.
SCAGLIARINI, A.; BATTILANI, M.; CIULLI, S.; PROSPERI, S.; MORGANTI, L.
Molecular Analysis of the NP Gene of Italian CDV Isolates. Vet. Res. Commun., v.27,
p.355-357, 2003.
SCHOBESBERGER, M.; ZURBRIGGEN, A.; DOHERR, M.G.; WEISSENBÖCK, H.;
VANDEVELDE, M.; LASSMAN, H.; GRIOT, C. Demyelination precedes oligodendrocyte
loss in canine distemper virus-induced encephalitis. Acta Neuropathol., v.103, p.11-19,
2002.
SCHOBESBERGER, M.; ZURBRIGGEN, A.; SUMMERFIELD, M.; VANDEVELDE, M.;
GRIOT, C. Oligodendroglial degeneration in distemper: apoptosis or necrosis? Acta
Neuropathol., v.97, p.279-287, 1999.
SHELL, L.G. Canine Distemper. Comp. Cont. Edu. Pract. Vet., v.12, p.173-179, 1990.
STEIN, V.M.; CZUB, M.; HANSEN, R.; LEIBOLD, W.; MOORE, P.F.; ZURBRIGGEN, A.;
TIPOLD, A. Characterization of canine microglial cells isolated in vivo. Vet. Immunol.
Immunopathol., v.99, p.73-85, 2004.
SUMMERS, B.A.; CUMMINGS, J.F.; DE LAHUNTA, A. Veterinary Neuropatology. St
Louis: Mosby, 1995. 527p.
TIPOLD, A.; MOORE, P.; ZURBRIGGEN, A.; BURGENER, I.; BARBEN, G.;
VANDEVELDE, M. Early T cell response in the central nervous system in canine distemper
virus infection. Acta Neuropathol., v.97, p.45-56, 1999.
TIPOLD, A.; VANDEVELDE, M.; JAGGY, A. Neurological manifestation of canine
distemper virus infection. J. Small Anim. Pract., v.33, p.466-470, 1992.
TUDURY, A.E.; ARIAS, M.V.B.; BRACARENSE, A.P.F.L.; MEGID, J.; DIAS, R.F.
JÚNIOR. Observações Clínicas e Laboratoriais em Cães com Cinomose Nervosa. Ci. Rural,
v.27, p.229-235, 1997.
VANDEVELDE, M.; CACHIN, M. The Neurologic Form of Canine Distemper. In:
Bonagura, J.D.; Kirk, R.W. Kirk’s Current Veterinary Therapy XI, Small Animal
Practice. Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders, 1993. p.1003-1007.
VANDEVELDE, M.; KRISTENSEN, B.; BRAUND, K.G.; GREENE, G.E.; SWANGO,
L.T.; HOERLEIN, B.F. Chronic Canine distemper virus encephalitis in mature dogs. Vet.
Pathol., v.17, p.17-28, 1980.
VANDEVELDE M,; ZURBRIGGEN A. The neurobiology of canine distemper virus
infection. Vet. Microbiol., v.44, p.271-280, 1995.
ZURBRIGGEN, A.; SCHMID, I.; GRABER, H.U.; VANDEVELDE, M. Oligodendroglial
pathology in canine distemper. Acta Neuropathol., v.95, p.71-77, 1998.
ZURBRIGGEN, A.; VANDEVELDE, M. Canine distemper virus-induced glial cell changes
in vitro. Acta Neuropathol., v.62, p.51-58, 1993.
E. Up-regulation of major histocompatibility complex class II antigen expression in the
central nervous system of dogs with spontaneous canine distemper virus encephalitis. Acta
Neuropathol., v, 92, p.273-280, 1996.
AMUDE, A.M.; ALFIERI, A.A.; ALFIERI A.F. Antemortem Diagnosis of CDV Infection by
RT-PCR in Distemper Dogs with Neurological Deficits without the Typical Clinical
Presentation. Vet. Res. Commun., v.30, p.679-687, 2006a.
AMUDE, A.M.; ALFIERI, A.A.; ALFIERI A.F. Clinicopathological findings in dogs with
distemper encephalomyelitis presented without characteristic signs of the disease. Res. Vet.
Sci., v.90, in press, 2007.
AMUDE, A.M.; ARIAS, M.V.B.; ALFIERI, A.A.; ALFIERI A.F. Clinical syndromes of
canine distemper encephalomyelitis. Arq. Bras. Med. Vet. Zootec., submitted, 2006b.
AMUDE, A.M.; ALFIERI, A.A.; BALARIN, M.R.S.; FARIA DOS REIS, A.C.; ALFIERI,
A.F. Cerebrospinal fluid from a 7-month-old dog with seizure-like episodes. Vet. Clin.
Pathol. J., v.35, p.119-122, 2006c.
AMUDE, A.M.; CARVALHO, G. A.; BALARIN, M.R.S.; ARIAS, M.V.B.; FARIA DOS
REIS, A.C.; ALFIERI, A.A.; ALFIERI, A.F. Encefalomielite pelo vírus da cinonose canina
em cães sem sinais sistêmicos da doença – estudos preliminares em três casos. Clínica
Veterinária v.60, p.60-66, 2006d.
BRAUND, K.G. Inflammatory Diseases of the Central Nervous System. 2001. Available at:
www.ivis.org. Accessed Nov 11, 2001.
BRAUND, K.G. Clinical Syndromes in Veterinary Neurology. 2nd ed. St Louis: Mosby,
1994, 477p.
FAUQUET, C.M.; MAYO, M.A.; MANILOFF, J.; DESSELBERGER, V.; BALL, L.A.
Virus Taxonomy: The light report. San Diego: Academic Press, 2004.
FRISK, A.L.; KONIG, M.; MORITZ, A.; BAUMGÄRTNER, W. Detection of canine
distemper virus nucleoprotein RNA by reverse transcription-PCR using serum, whole blood,
and cerebrospinal fluid from dogs with distemper. J. Clin. Microbiol., v.37, p.3634-3643,
1999.
GEBARA, C.M.S.; WOSIACKI, S.R.; NEGRÃO, F.J.; ALFIERI, A.A.; ALFIERI, A.F.
Lesões histopatológicas no sistema nervoso central de cães com encefalite e diagnóstico
molecular da infecção pelo vírus da cinomose canina. Arq. Bras. Med. Vet. Zootec., v.56,
p.168-174, 2004a.
GEBARA, C.M.S.; WOSIACKI, S.R.; NEGRÃO, F.J.; DE OLIVEIRA, D.B.; BELONI,
S.N.B.; ALFIERI, A.A.; ALFIERI, A.F. Detecção do gene da nucleoproteína do vírus da
cinomose canina por RT-PCR em urina de cães com sinais clínicos de cinomose. Arq. Bras.
Med. Vet. Zootec., v.56, p.480-487, 2004b.
GRABER, H.; MÜLLER, C.; VANDEVELDE, M.; ZURBRIGGEN, A. Restricted infection
with canine distemper virus leads to down-regulation of myelin gene transcription in cultured
oligodendrocytes. Acta Neuropathol., v.90, p.312-318, 1995.
GREENE, G.E.; APPEL, M.J. Canine distemper. In: Greene, G.E. Infectious Diseases of
dog and the cat. 2nd ed. Philadelphia: W.B.Saunders, 1998. p. 9-22.
HEADLEY, S.A.; GRAÇA, D.L. Canine distemper: epidemiological findings of 250 cases.
Bras. J. Vet. Res. Anim. Sci., v.37, p.136-140, 2000.
JÓZWIK, A.; FRYMUS, T. Comparison of the Immunofluorescence Assay with RT-PCR and
Nested PCR in the Diagnosis of Canine Distemper. Vet. Res. Commun., v.29, p.347-359,
2005.
KOUTINAS, A.F.; POLIZOPOULOU, Z.S.; BAUMGÄRTNER, W.; LEKKAS, S.;
KONTOS, V. Relation of clinical sings to pathological changes in 19 cases of canine
distemper encephalomyelitis. J. Comp. Pathol., v.126, p.47-56, 2002.
MAIO, Q.; BAUMGÄRTNER, W.; FAILING, K.; ALLDINGER, S. Phase-dependent
expression of matrix metalloproteinases and their inhibitions in demyelinating canine
distemper encephalitis. Acta Neuropathol., v.106, p.486-494, 2003.
MEERTENS, N.; STOFFEL, M.H.; CHERPILLOD, P.; WITTEK, R.; VANDEVELDE, M.;
ZURBRIGGEN, A. Mechanism of reduction of virus release and cell-cell fusion in persistent
canine distemper virus infection. Acta Neuropathol., v.106, p.303-310, 2003.
MORITZ, A.; FRISK, A.L.; BAUMGÄRTNER, W. The evaluation of diagnostic procedures
for the detection of canine distemper virus infection. Europ. J. Comp. Anim. Pract., v.10,
p.37-47, 2000.
MORO, L.; MARTINS, A.S.; ALVES, C.M.; SANTOS, F.G.A.; DEL PUERTO, H.L.;
VASCONCELOS, A.C. Apoptosis in the Cerebellum of Dogs with Distemper. J. Vet. Med.
B, v.50, p.221-225, 2003.
MULLER, C.F.; FATZER, R.S.; BECK, K.; VANDEVELDE, M.; ZURBRIGGEN, A.
Studies on canine distemper virus persistence in the central nervous system. Acta
Neuropathol., 89, 438-445. 1995.
NEGRÃO, F.J.; WOSIACK, S.H.; ALFIERI, A.A.; ALFIERI, A.F. Perfil de restrição de um
fragmento do gene H amplificado pela RT-PCR a partir de estirpes vacinais e selvagens do
CDV. Arq. Bras. Med. Vet. Zootec., v.58, p.1099-1106, 2006.
SAITO, T.B.; ALFIERI A.A.; NEGRÃO, F.J.; MORAIS, H.S.A.; ALFIERI, A.F.
Optimization and evaluation of the RT-PCR assay for Ante and Post mortem detection of
canine distemper virus infection. Rev. Vet. Zootec., v.13, p.63-72, 2006a
SAITO, T.B.; ALFIERI, A.A.; WOSIACKI, S.R.; NEGRÃO, F.J.; MORAIS, H.S.A.;
ALFIERI, A.F. Detection of canine distemper virus by reverse transcription-polimerase chain
reaction in the urine of dogs with clinical signs of distemper encephalitis. Res. Vet. Sci., v.80,
p.116-119, 2006b.
SCAGLIARINI, A.; BATTILANI, M.; CIULLI, S.; PROSPERI, S.; MORGANTI, L.
Molecular Analysis of the NP Gene of Italian CDV Isolates. Vet. Res. Commun., v.27,
p.355-357, 2003.
SCHOBESBERGER, M.; ZURBRIGGEN, A.; DOHERR, M.G.; WEISSENBÖCK, H.;
VANDEVELDE, M.; LASSMAN, H.; GRIOT, C. Demyelination precedes oligodendrocyte
loss in canine distemper virus-induced encephalitis. Acta Neuropathol., v.103, p.11-19,
2002.
SCHOBESBERGER, M.; ZURBRIGGEN, A.; SUMMERFIELD, M.; VANDEVELDE, M.;
GRIOT, C. Oligodendroglial degeneration in distemper: apoptosis or necrosis? Acta
Neuropathol., v.97, p.279-287, 1999.
SHELL, L.G. Canine Distemper. Comp. Cont. Edu. Pract. Vet., v.12, p.173-179, 1990.
STEIN, V.M.; CZUB, M.; HANSEN, R.; LEIBOLD, W.; MOORE, P.F.; ZURBRIGGEN, A.;
TIPOLD, A. Characterization of canine microglial cells isolated in vivo. Vet. Immunol.
Immunopathol., v.99, p.73-85, 2004.
SUMMERS, B.A.; CUMMINGS, J.F.; DE LAHUNTA, A. Veterinary Neuropatology. St
Louis: Mosby, 1995. 527p.
TIPOLD, A.; MOORE, P.; ZURBRIGGEN, A.; BURGENER, I.; BARBEN, G.;
VANDEVELDE, M. Early T cell response in the central nervous system in canine distemper
virus infection. Acta Neuropathol., v.97, p.45-56, 1999.
TIPOLD, A.; VANDEVELDE, M.; JAGGY, A. Neurological manifestation of canine
distemper virus infection. J. Small Anim. Pract., v.33, p.466-470, 1992.
TUDURY, A.E.; ARIAS, M.V.B.; BRACARENSE, A.P.F.L.; MEGID, J.; DIAS, R.F.
JÚNIOR. Observações Clínicas e Laboratoriais em Cães com Cinomose Nervosa. Ci. Rural,
v.27, p.229-235, 1997.
VANDEVELDE, M.; CACHIN, M. The Neurologic Form of Canine Distemper. In:
Bonagura, J.D.; Kirk, R.W. Kirk’s Current Veterinary Therapy XI, Small Animal
Practice. Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders, 1993. p.1003-1007.
VANDEVELDE, M.; KRISTENSEN, B.; BRAUND, K.G.; GREENE, G.E.; SWANGO,
L.T.; HOERLEIN, B.F. Chronic Canine distemper virus encephalitis in mature dogs. Vet.
Pathol., v.17, p.17-28, 1980.
VANDEVELDE M,; ZURBRIGGEN A. The neurobiology of canine distemper virus
infection. Vet. Microbiol., v.44, p.271-280, 1995.
ZURBRIGGEN, A.; SCHMID, I.; GRABER, H.U.; VANDEVELDE, M. Oligodendroglial
pathology in canine distemper. Acta Neuropathol., v.95, p.71-77, 1998.
ZURBRIGGEN, A.; VANDEVELDE, M. Canine distemper virus-induced glial cell changes
in vitro. Acta Neuropathol., v.62, p.51-58, 1993.
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2018-09-28
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Fernandes Alfieri A, Mendes Amude A, Alcindo Alfier A. The nervous form of canine distemper. RVZ [Internet]. 2018 Sep. 28 [cited 2024 Jul. 22];13(2):125-36. Available from: https://rvz.emnuvens.com.br/rvz/article/view/258
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