The main bacterial and parasitic enteric pathogens with zoonotic potential in domestic cats
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.35172/rvz.2017.v24.284Keywords:
enteropathogens, cats, zoonosis, virulence, epidemiologyAbstract
Enteric pathogens eliminated in the feces are among the most important range group of
pathogenic microorganisms to humans and animals causing severe enteric diseases and
occasionally, non-enteric too. This group of microorganisms is characterized by wide viability
and infective capacity even in adverse environmental conditions after feces elimination of
animals with or without enteric signals. In consequence of the close contact with humans, pets
are very important in the chain of transmission of enteric pathogens. Domestic cats have
hunting, territorial and self-cleaning habits and therefore are an important group with enteric
pathogens with zoonotic potential. The most important fecal pathogens present in domestic
cats with human zoonotic potential are Escherichia coli, Salmonella spp., Campylobacter
spp., Clostridium spp. Rhodococcus equi, Giardia spp. and Cryptosporidium spp. The
purpose of this study was to review the major bacterial and parasitic pathogens of domestic
cats regarding the virulence aspects, epidemiology, clinical sings, control and importance in
public health
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Bacterial zoonoses transmitted by household pets: state-of-the-art and future perspectives
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9. Prescott JF. Rhodococcus equi: an animal and human pathogen. Clin Microbiol Rev.
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Tratado de infectologia. 2a ed. São Paulo: Atheneu; 2004. p.793-8.
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microbiology and microbial disease. 2nd ed. Oxford: Blackwell Science; 2011.
13. Cieloszyk J, Goñi P, García A, Remacha MA, Sánchez E, Clavel A. Two cases of
zoonotic cryptosporidiosis in Spain by the unusual species Cryptosporidium ubiquitum
and Cryptosporidium felis. Enferm Infecc Microbiol Clin. 2012;2:549-51.
14. Scorza AV, Lappin MR. Enteric protozoal infections. In: Greene CE. Infectious diseases
of the dog and cat. 4th ed. St. Louis: Elsevier Saunders; 2012. p.785-92.
15. Giuffrida R. Infecções pelo gênero Campylobacter. In: Megid J, Ribeiro MG, Paes AC.
Doenças infecciosas em animais de produção e de companhia. 1a ed. Rio de Janeiro:
Rocca; 2016. p.347-55.
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coli in domestic animals and humans. Wallingford: CAB International; 1994. p.285-333.
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enteropathogenic and enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli. J Clin Invest. 2001;107:539-
48.
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within the urinary tract. Traffic. 2005;6:18-31.
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cat. 4th ed. St. Louis: Elsevier Saunders; 2012. p.349-58.
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disease of cattle, horses, sheep, pigs, goats and horses. 10a ed. London: WB Saunders;
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2007;13:348-9.
25. Trabulsi LR, Campos LC, Lourenço R. Salmoneloses. In: Veronesi R, Focaccia R.
Tratado de infectologia. 2a ed. São Paulo: Atheneu; 2004. p.878-85.
26-. World Health Organization. Salmonella (non-typhoidal) [Internet]. Geneva: Who; 2013
[cited 2015 Sept 8]. Available from: http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs139/en/
27. Murray PR, Rosenthal KS, Pfaller MA. Microbiologia médica. 6a ed. São Paulo:
Elsevier; 2010.
28. Nataro JP, Bopp CA, Fields PI, Kaper JB, Strockbine NA. Escherichia, Shigella, and
Salmonella. In: Murray PR, Baron EJ, Jorgensen JH, Landry ML, Pfaller MA. Manual of
clinical microbiology. 9th ed. Whashington: ASM Press; 2007. p.678-83.
29. Greene CE. Salmonellosis. In: Greene CE. Infectious diseases of the dog and cat. 4th ed.
St. Louis: Elsevier Saunders; 2012. p.383-9.
30. Weese JS. Bacterial enteritis in dogs and cats: diagnosis, therapy, and zoonotic potential.
Vet Clin Am Small Anim Pract. 2011;41:287-309.
31. Onderdonk AB, Garrett WS. Gas gangrene and other Clostridium associated diseases. In:
Mandell GL, Bennett JE, Dolin R. Principles and practice of infectious diseases. 7th ed.
Philadelphia: Elsevier; 2010. p.3103-9.
32. Megid J. Clostridioses. In: Megid J, Ribeiro MG, Paes AC. Doenças infecciosas em
animais de produção e de companhia. 1a ed. Rio de Janeiro: Rocca; 2016. p.144-53.
33. Silva ROS, Lobato FCF. Clostridium perfringens: a review of enteric diseases in dogs,
cats and wild animals. Anaerobe. 2015;33:14-7.
34. Ministério da Saúde (BR). Secretaria de Vigilância em Saúde. Manual integrado de
prevenção e controle de doenças transmitidas por alimentos. Brasília: Ministério da
Saúde; 2010.
35. Rupnik M, Wilcox MH, Gerding DN. Clostridium difficile infection: new developments
in epidemiology and pathogenesis. Nature. 2009;7:526-36.
36. Pereira NG. Infecção pelo Clostridium difficile. J Bras Med. 2014;102:27-49.
37. Megid J. Doenças associadas ao Clostridium difficile. In: Megid J, Ribeiro MG, Paes AC.
Doenças infecciosas em animais de produção e de companhia. 1a ed. Rio de Janeiro:
Rocca; 2016. p.184-7.
38. Gonçalves C, Decré D, Barbut F, Burghoffer B, Petit JC. Prevalence and characterization
of a binary toxin (actinspecific ADP-ribosyltransferase) from Clostridium difficile. J Clin
Microbiol. 2004;42:1933-9.
39. Clooten J, Kruth S, Arroyo L, Weese JS. Prevalence and risk factors for Clostridium
difficile colonization in dogs and cats hospitalized in an intensive care unit. Vet
Microbiol. 2008;129:209-14.
40. Borriello SP, Honour P, Turner T, Barclay F. Household pets as a potential reservoir for
Clostridiumn difficile infection. J Clin Pathol. 1983;36:84-7.
41. Fox JG. Enteric bacterial infection. In: Greene CE. Infectious diseases of the dog and cat.
4th ed. St. Louis: Elsevier Saunders; 2012. p.370-4.
42. Wolfs TFW, Duim B, Geelen SP, Rigter A, Thomson-Carter F, Fleer A, et al. Neonatal
sepsis by Campylobacter jejuni: genetically proven transmission from a household
puppy. Clin Infect Dis. 2001;32:E97-9.
43. Meyer DK, Reboli AC. Other Coryneform Bacteria and Rhodococci. In: Mandell GL,
Bennett JE, Dolin R. Principles and practice of infectious diseases. 7th ed. Philadelphia:
Elsevier; 2010. p.2702-4.
44. Hines MT. Rhodococcus equi. In: Sellon DC, Long MT. Equine infectious diseases. 2nd
ed. St. Louis: Saunders; 2014. p.287-302.
45. Ribeiro MG, Vargas AC. Rodococose. In: Megid J, Ribeiro MG, Paes AC. Doenças
infecciosas em animais de produção e de companhia. 1a ed. Rio de Janeiro: Rocca; 2016.
p.258-77.
46. Takai S. Epidemiology of Rhodococcus equi infections: a review. Vet Microbiol.
1997;56:167-76.
47. Valero-Rello A, Hapeshi A, Anastasi E, Alvarez S, Scortti M, Meijer WG, et al. An
invertron-like linear plasmid mediates intracellular survival and virulence in bovine
isolates of Rhodococcus equi. Infect Immun. 2015;83:2725-37.
48. Greene CE, Prescott JF. Gram-Positive bacterial infections. In: Greene CE. Infectious
diseases of the dog and cat. 4th ed. St. Louis: Elsevier Saunders; 2012. p.334-5.
49. Adam RD. Biology of Giardia lamblia. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2001;14:447-75.
50. Scorza AV, Lappin MR. Enteric protozoal infections. In: Greene CE. Infectious diseases
of the dog and cat. 4th ed. St. Louis: Elsevier Saunders; 2012. p.785-92.
51. Thompson RCA, Palmer CS, O´Handley R. The public health and clinical significance of
Giardia and Cryptosporidium in domestic animals. Vet J. 2008;177:18-25.
52. Lane S, Lloyd D. Current trends in research into the waterborne parasite Giardia. Crit
Rev Microbiol. 2002;28:123-47.
53. Taylor MA, Catchpole J, Marshall RN, Green J. Giardiasis in lambs at pasture. Vet Rec.
1993;133:131-3.
54. Geurden T, Olson M. Giardia in pet and farm animals, and their zoonotic potential. In:
Luján HD, Svärd S. Giardia a model organism. NewYork: SpringerWien; 2011. p.71-9.
55. Pereira MGC, Atwill ER, Barbosa AP. Prevalence and associated risk factors for Giardia
lamblia infection among children hospitalized for diarrhea in Goiânia, Goiás State,
Brazil. Rev Inst Med Trop São Paulo. 2007;49:139-45.
56. Xiao L, Fayer R, Ryan U, Upton SJ. Cryptosporidium taxonomy: recent advances and
implications for public health. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2004;17:72-97.
57. Fayer R, Morganb U, Upton SJ. Epidemiology of Cryptosporidium: transmission,
detection and identication. Int J Parasitol. 2000;30:1305-22.
58. Assis DC, Resende DV, Cabrine-Santos M, Correia D, Oliveira-Silva MB. Prevalence
and genetic characterization of Cryptosporidium spp. and Cystoisospora belli in HIVinfected patients. Rev Inst Med Trop São Paulo. 2013;55:149-54.
59. Teunis PFM, Havelaar AH. Risk assessment for protozoan parasites. Int Biodeterior
Biodegrad. 2002;9:122-46.
60. Pereira CRA, Ferreira AP. Ocorrência e fatores de risco da criptosporidiose em felinos de
companhia de idosos. Rev Bras Geriatr Gerontologia. Rio de Janeiro. 2012;15:681-91.
Microbes Infect. 2002;4:867-73.
2. Wood L, Martin K, Christian H, Nathan A, Lauritsen C, Houghton S, et al. The pet factor -
companion animals as a conduit for getting to know people, friendship formation and
social support. PLos One. 2015;10:1-17.
3. Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística. Pesquisa nacional de saúde 2013. Rio de
Janeiro: IBGE; 2015.
4. Yoko F. Mercado em constante evolução. Nutr Pet Horse. 2011;13:6-12.
5. Damborg P, Broens EM, Chomel BB, Guenther S, Pasmans F, Wagenaar JA, et al.
Bacterial zoonoses transmitted by household pets: state-of-the-art and future perspectives
for targeted research and policy actions. J Comp Pathol. 2016;155:S27-40.
6. Kato K, Ishiwa A. The role of carbohydrates in infection strategies of enteric pathogens.
Trop Med Health. 2015;43:41-52.
7. Acha PN, Szyfres B. Zoonosis y enfermidades transmisibles comunes al hombre y a los
animales. 3rd ed. Washington: Organización Panamericana de la Salud; 2003. v.1,2,3.
8. Shakespeare M. Zoonoses. 1st ed. London: Pharmaceutical press; 2002.
9. Prescott JF. Rhodococcus equi: an animal and human pathogen. Clin Microbiol Rev.
1991;4:20-34.
10. Trabulsi LR, Campos LC. Infecções por Escherichia. In: Veronesi R, Focaccia R.
Tratado de infectologia. 2a ed. São Paulo: Atheneu; 2004. p.793-8.
11. Donnenberg MS. Enterobacteriaceae. In: Mandell GL, Bennett JE, Dolin R. Principles
and practice of infectious diseases. 7th ed. Philadelphia: Elisevier; 2010. p.2815-901.
12. Quinn PJ, Markey BK, Leonard FC, Hartigans P, Fanning S, Fitzpatrick ES. Veterinary
microbiology and microbial disease. 2nd ed. Oxford: Blackwell Science; 2011.
13. Cieloszyk J, Goñi P, García A, Remacha MA, Sánchez E, Clavel A. Two cases of
zoonotic cryptosporidiosis in Spain by the unusual species Cryptosporidium ubiquitum
and Cryptosporidium felis. Enferm Infecc Microbiol Clin. 2012;2:549-51.
14. Scorza AV, Lappin MR. Enteric protozoal infections. In: Greene CE. Infectious diseases
of the dog and cat. 4th ed. St. Louis: Elsevier Saunders; 2012. p.785-92.
15. Giuffrida R. Infecções pelo gênero Campylobacter. In: Megid J, Ribeiro MG, Paes AC.
Doenças infecciosas em animais de produção e de companhia. 1a ed. Rio de Janeiro:
Rocca; 2016. p.347-55.
16. Winn Jr W, Allen S, Janda W, Koneman E, Procop G, Schreckenberger P, et al.
Koneman. Diagnóstico microbiológico: texto e atlas colorido. 6a ed. Rio de Janeiro:
Guanabara Koogan; 2008.
17. Lior H. Classification of Escherichia coli. In: Gyles CL. Escherichia coli in domestic
animals and humans. Wallingford: CAB International; 1994. p.31-71.
18. Nataro JP, Levine MM. Escherichia coli diseases in humans. In: Gyles CL. Escherichia
coli in domestic animals and humans. Wallingford: CAB International; 1994. p.285-333.
19. Donnerberg MS, Whittam TS. Pathogenesis and evolution of virulence in
enteropathogenic and enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli. J Clin Invest. 2001;107:539-
48.
20. Bower JM, Eto DS, Mulvey A. A Covert operation of uropathogenic Escherichia coli
within the urinary tract. Traffic. 2005;6:18-31.
21. Yuri K, Nakata K, Katae H, Tsukamoto T, Hasegawa A. Serotypes and virulence factors
of Escherichia coli strains isolated from dogs and cats. J Vet Med Sci. 1999;61:37-40.
22. Koenig A. Gram-Negative bacterial. In: Greene CE. Infectious diseases of the dog and
cat. 4th ed. St. Louis: Elsevier Saunders; 2012. p.349-58.
23. Radostits OM, Gay C, Hinchcliff K, Constable P. Veterinary medicine: a textbook of the
disease of cattle, horses, sheep, pigs, goats and horses. 10a ed. London: WB Saunders;
2007.
24. Busch U, Hormansdorfer S, Schranner S, Huber I, Bogner KH, Sing A.
Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli coll excretion by child and her cat. Emerg Infect Dis.
2007;13:348-9.
25. Trabulsi LR, Campos LC, Lourenço R. Salmoneloses. In: Veronesi R, Focaccia R.
Tratado de infectologia. 2a ed. São Paulo: Atheneu; 2004. p.878-85.
26-. World Health Organization. Salmonella (non-typhoidal) [Internet]. Geneva: Who; 2013
[cited 2015 Sept 8]. Available from: http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs139/en/
27. Murray PR, Rosenthal KS, Pfaller MA. Microbiologia médica. 6a ed. São Paulo:
Elsevier; 2010.
28. Nataro JP, Bopp CA, Fields PI, Kaper JB, Strockbine NA. Escherichia, Shigella, and
Salmonella. In: Murray PR, Baron EJ, Jorgensen JH, Landry ML, Pfaller MA. Manual of
clinical microbiology. 9th ed. Whashington: ASM Press; 2007. p.678-83.
29. Greene CE. Salmonellosis. In: Greene CE. Infectious diseases of the dog and cat. 4th ed.
St. Louis: Elsevier Saunders; 2012. p.383-9.
30. Weese JS. Bacterial enteritis in dogs and cats: diagnosis, therapy, and zoonotic potential.
Vet Clin Am Small Anim Pract. 2011;41:287-309.
31. Onderdonk AB, Garrett WS. Gas gangrene and other Clostridium associated diseases. In:
Mandell GL, Bennett JE, Dolin R. Principles and practice of infectious diseases. 7th ed.
Philadelphia: Elsevier; 2010. p.3103-9.
32. Megid J. Clostridioses. In: Megid J, Ribeiro MG, Paes AC. Doenças infecciosas em
animais de produção e de companhia. 1a ed. Rio de Janeiro: Rocca; 2016. p.144-53.
33. Silva ROS, Lobato FCF. Clostridium perfringens: a review of enteric diseases in dogs,
cats and wild animals. Anaerobe. 2015;33:14-7.
34. Ministério da Saúde (BR). Secretaria de Vigilância em Saúde. Manual integrado de
prevenção e controle de doenças transmitidas por alimentos. Brasília: Ministério da
Saúde; 2010.
35. Rupnik M, Wilcox MH, Gerding DN. Clostridium difficile infection: new developments
in epidemiology and pathogenesis. Nature. 2009;7:526-36.
36. Pereira NG. Infecção pelo Clostridium difficile. J Bras Med. 2014;102:27-49.
37. Megid J. Doenças associadas ao Clostridium difficile. In: Megid J, Ribeiro MG, Paes AC.
Doenças infecciosas em animais de produção e de companhia. 1a ed. Rio de Janeiro:
Rocca; 2016. p.184-7.
38. Gonçalves C, Decré D, Barbut F, Burghoffer B, Petit JC. Prevalence and characterization
of a binary toxin (actinspecific ADP-ribosyltransferase) from Clostridium difficile. J Clin
Microbiol. 2004;42:1933-9.
39. Clooten J, Kruth S, Arroyo L, Weese JS. Prevalence and risk factors for Clostridium
difficile colonization in dogs and cats hospitalized in an intensive care unit. Vet
Microbiol. 2008;129:209-14.
40. Borriello SP, Honour P, Turner T, Barclay F. Household pets as a potential reservoir for
Clostridiumn difficile infection. J Clin Pathol. 1983;36:84-7.
41. Fox JG. Enteric bacterial infection. In: Greene CE. Infectious diseases of the dog and cat.
4th ed. St. Louis: Elsevier Saunders; 2012. p.370-4.
42. Wolfs TFW, Duim B, Geelen SP, Rigter A, Thomson-Carter F, Fleer A, et al. Neonatal
sepsis by Campylobacter jejuni: genetically proven transmission from a household
puppy. Clin Infect Dis. 2001;32:E97-9.
43. Meyer DK, Reboli AC. Other Coryneform Bacteria and Rhodococci. In: Mandell GL,
Bennett JE, Dolin R. Principles and practice of infectious diseases. 7th ed. Philadelphia:
Elsevier; 2010. p.2702-4.
44. Hines MT. Rhodococcus equi. In: Sellon DC, Long MT. Equine infectious diseases. 2nd
ed. St. Louis: Saunders; 2014. p.287-302.
45. Ribeiro MG, Vargas AC. Rodococose. In: Megid J, Ribeiro MG, Paes AC. Doenças
infecciosas em animais de produção e de companhia. 1a ed. Rio de Janeiro: Rocca; 2016.
p.258-77.
46. Takai S. Epidemiology of Rhodococcus equi infections: a review. Vet Microbiol.
1997;56:167-76.
47. Valero-Rello A, Hapeshi A, Anastasi E, Alvarez S, Scortti M, Meijer WG, et al. An
invertron-like linear plasmid mediates intracellular survival and virulence in bovine
isolates of Rhodococcus equi. Infect Immun. 2015;83:2725-37.
48. Greene CE, Prescott JF. Gram-Positive bacterial infections. In: Greene CE. Infectious
diseases of the dog and cat. 4th ed. St. Louis: Elsevier Saunders; 2012. p.334-5.
49. Adam RD. Biology of Giardia lamblia. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2001;14:447-75.
50. Scorza AV, Lappin MR. Enteric protozoal infections. In: Greene CE. Infectious diseases
of the dog and cat. 4th ed. St. Louis: Elsevier Saunders; 2012. p.785-92.
51. Thompson RCA, Palmer CS, O´Handley R. The public health and clinical significance of
Giardia and Cryptosporidium in domestic animals. Vet J. 2008;177:18-25.
52. Lane S, Lloyd D. Current trends in research into the waterborne parasite Giardia. Crit
Rev Microbiol. 2002;28:123-47.
53. Taylor MA, Catchpole J, Marshall RN, Green J. Giardiasis in lambs at pasture. Vet Rec.
1993;133:131-3.
54. Geurden T, Olson M. Giardia in pet and farm animals, and their zoonotic potential. In:
Luján HD, Svärd S. Giardia a model organism. NewYork: SpringerWien; 2011. p.71-9.
55. Pereira MGC, Atwill ER, Barbosa AP. Prevalence and associated risk factors for Giardia
lamblia infection among children hospitalized for diarrhea in Goiânia, Goiás State,
Brazil. Rev Inst Med Trop São Paulo. 2007;49:139-45.
56. Xiao L, Fayer R, Ryan U, Upton SJ. Cryptosporidium taxonomy: recent advances and
implications for public health. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2004;17:72-97.
57. Fayer R, Morganb U, Upton SJ. Epidemiology of Cryptosporidium: transmission,
detection and identication. Int J Parasitol. 2000;30:1305-22.
58. Assis DC, Resende DV, Cabrine-Santos M, Correia D, Oliveira-Silva MB. Prevalence
and genetic characterization of Cryptosporidium spp. and Cystoisospora belli in HIVinfected patients. Rev Inst Med Trop São Paulo. 2013;55:149-54.
59. Teunis PFM, Havelaar AH. Risk assessment for protozoan parasites. Int Biodeterior
Biodegrad. 2002;9:122-46.
60. Pereira CRA, Ferreira AP. Ocorrência e fatores de risco da criptosporidiose em felinos de
companhia de idosos. Rev Bras Geriatr Gerontologia. Rio de Janeiro. 2012;15:681-91.
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2017-09-29
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Lechinski de Paula C, Daza Bolaños CA, Trevizan Guerra S, Garcia Ribeiro M. The main bacterial and parasitic enteric pathogens with zoonotic potential in domestic cats. RVZ [Internet]. 2017 Sep. 29 [cited 2024 Jul. 3];24(3):453-67. Available from: https://rvz.emnuvens.com.br/rvz/article/view/284
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