DIAGNOSTIC PERINEURAL BLOCKS IN HORSES: REVIEW OF RELEVANT POINTS AND CONTRIBUTION OF ULTRASONOGRAPHY
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.35172/rvz.2020.v27.499Keywords:
Perineural injections, anatomical structures, ultrasoundAbstract
Perineural anesthetic injections are often used to assist in the identification of potentially painful sites and, consequently, lameness in horses. In this sense, detailed anatomical knowledge of neural structures is important for the correct and efficient performance of perineural blocks in the limbs of horses, generating no doubts in their interpretations. For this, ultrasonography becomes an important tool in the learning process, in addition to pointing out the best way to perform the procedure. This review aims to present the factors that interfere with the performance of perineural injections and how ultrasound can be useful in the learning process can assist in the execution of these procedures.
References
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24. Arkell, M., Archer, R., Guitian, R., et al. Evidence of bias affecting the interpretation of the results of local anesthetic nerve blocks when assessing lameness in horses. Vet Rec. 2006; 159: 346-349.
25. Pfau, T., Boultbee, H., Davis, H., Walker, A., Rhodin, M. Agreement between two inertial sensor gait analysis systems for lameness examinations in horses. Equine Vet Educ. 2016;28:203-208.
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27. Kossoff, G. Basic physics and imaging characteristics of ultrasound. World Journal of Surgery, 2000; 24:134–142.
28. Helayel, P. E.; Conceição, D. B.; Oliveira Filho, G. R. Bloqueios nervosos guiados por ultra-som. Revista Brasileira de Anestesiologia, 2007; 57:106–123.
29. Fornage, B. D. Peripheral nerves of the extremities: Imaging with US. Radiology, 1988; 167:179–184.
30. Sinha, A.; Chan, V. W. S. Ultrasound imaging for popliteal sciatic nerve block. Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine, 2004;29:130–134.
2. Seabaugh, K., Selberg, K., Valdes-Martinez A. Assessment of the tissue diffusion of anesthetic agent following administration of a low palmar nerve block in horses. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2011; 239:1334-1340.
3. Bassage, I.I.L.H., Ross, M.W. Diagnostic analgesia. In: Ross, M.W., Dyson, S.J. (eds.) Diagnosis and Management of Lameness in the Horse. 2nd ed. St. Louis: Saunders Elsevier; 2011:100-135.
4. Marhofer, P.; Greher, M.; Kapral, S. Ultrasound guidance in regional anaesthesia. British Journal of Anaesthesia; 2005; 1: 7-17.
5. Alexander, K.; Dobson, H. Ultrasonography of peripheral nerves in the normal adult horse. Veterinary Radiology and Ultrasound, 2003; 44:456-464.
6. Souto, M.T.M., Fantoni, D.T., Hamaji, A., Hamaji, M., Vendruscolo, C.P., Otsuki, D.A., Pinto, A.C.B., Ambrósio, A.M. Ultrasound-guided continuous block of median and ulnar nerves in horses: Development of the technique. Veterinary Anaesthesia and Analgesia, 2020;47:405-413.
7. Stover, S. M. The epidemiology of Thoroughbred racehorse injuries. Clinical Techniques in Equine Practice, 2003;2:312–322.
8. Baxter, G. M.; Stashak, T. Perineural and intrasynovial anesthesia. In: BAXTER, G. M. (Ed.). Adams’ and Stashak’s Lameness in Horses. 6. ed. Philadelphia: Wiley-Blackwell, 2011. p. 173–202.
9. Dyson, S. J.; Kidd, L. A comparison of responses to analgesia of the navicular bursa and intra‐articular analgesia of the distal interphalangeal joint in 59 horses. Equine Veterinary Journal; 1993; 25: 93–98.
10. Baccarin, R.Y. A., Brossi, P. M., Silva, L. C. L. C. Guia ilustrado para injeção perineural em membros locomotores de equinos. São Paulo: Quiron Comunicação, 2015. 53p.
11. Andrade, S. F.; Cassu, R. N. Analgésicos. In: Andrade, S.F. (Ed.). Manual de terapêutica Veterinária. 3. ed. São Paulo: Roca, 2008. p. 97-113.
12. Butterworth, J.F., Strichartz, G.R. Molecular mechanisms of local anesthesia: A review. Anesthesiology; 1990; 72:711.
13. Fantoni, D.T.F., Cortopassi, S.R.G. Terapêutica do sistema nervoso central: anestésicos locais. In: Andrade, S.F. (Ed.). Manual de terapêutica Veterinária. 3. ed. São Paulo: Roca, 2008. p. 460-466.
14. Day, T.K., Skarda, R.T. The pharmacology of local anesthetics, Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract. 1991;7:489-500.
15. Thain, L. M. F.; Downey, D. B. Sonography of peripheral nerves: Technique, anatomy, and pathology. Ultrasound Quarterly, 2002;18:225–245.
16. Dyce, K. M.; Sack, W. O.; Wensing, C. J. G. Tratado de Anatomia Veterinária. 4. ed. São Paulo: Elsevier, 2010.
17. Getty, R. Anatomia dos Animais Domésticos. 5 ed. vol.1 Rio de Janeiro: Guanabara Koogan, 1986. 2000p.
18. Kainer, R.A., Fails, A.D. Functional anatomy of the equine musculoskeletal system. In: Baxter, G.M. Adams and Stashak’s Lameness in Horses. 6 ed. Wiley-Blackwell, 2011. p. 3-72.
19. König, H.E., Liebich, H. Anatomia dos Animais Domésticos: Texto e Atlas Colorido. 6 ed. Rio de Janeiro: Artmed, 2016. 804p.
20. Denoix, J. M.; Beaumont, A.; Bertoni, L. Ultrasonographic guided block of the tibial nerve. Equine Veterinary Education, 2018; 1–6.
21. Parks, A. Form and function of the equine digit. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract. 2003;19:285-307.
22. Pollitt, C.C. Clinical anatomy and physiology of the normal equine foot. Equine Vet Educ. 1992;4:219-224.
23. Keegan, K., Dent, E., Wilson, D. et al. Repeatability of subjective evaluation of lameness in horses. Equine Vet J. 2010;42:92-97.
24. Arkell, M., Archer, R., Guitian, R., et al. Evidence of bias affecting the interpretation of the results of local anesthetic nerve blocks when assessing lameness in horses. Vet Rec. 2006; 159: 346-349.
25. Pfau, T., Boultbee, H., Davis, H., Walker, A., Rhodin, M. Agreement between two inertial sensor gait analysis systems for lameness examinations in horses. Equine Vet Educ. 2016;28:203-208.
26. Mccraken, M., Kramer, J., Keegan, J. et al. Comparison of an inertial sensor system of lameness quantification with subjective lameness evaluation. Equine Vet J. 2012;44:652-656.
27. Kossoff, G. Basic physics and imaging characteristics of ultrasound. World Journal of Surgery, 2000; 24:134–142.
28. Helayel, P. E.; Conceição, D. B.; Oliveira Filho, G. R. Bloqueios nervosos guiados por ultra-som. Revista Brasileira de Anestesiologia, 2007; 57:106–123.
29. Fornage, B. D. Peripheral nerves of the extremities: Imaging with US. Radiology, 1988; 167:179–184.
30. Sinha, A.; Chan, V. W. S. Ultrasound imaging for popliteal sciatic nerve block. Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine, 2004;29:130–134.
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Published
2020-12-06
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Tofani Maia B, Jubran Pascual C, Fernando de Souza A, do Prado Vendruscolo C, Arantes Baccarin RY, do Valle De Zoppa AL. DIAGNOSTIC PERINEURAL BLOCKS IN HORSES: REVIEW OF RELEVANT POINTS AND CONTRIBUTION OF ULTRASONOGRAPHY. RVZ [Internet]. 2020 Dec. 6 [cited 2024 Nov. 24];27:1-10. Available from: https://rvz.emnuvens.com.br/rvz/article/view/499
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