A GENÔMICA BOVINA - ORIGEM E EVOLUÇÃO DE TAURINOS E ZEBUINOS
Palavras-chave:
origem, evolução, taurinos, zebuínosResumo
As duas formas de gado, identificadas como taurinos e zebuínos, são basicamente diferenciadas entre si pela ausência e presença de cupim ou giba. Os fetos com poucas semanas já possuem o cupim. Os bovinos são hoje representados por cerca de 800 raças, numa população mundial de 1,4 bilhões de animais. Destas, cerca de 480 são taurinos e estão na Europa. No Brasil são cerca de 60 raças, o que representa 7,5% do total. Os trabalhos sobre o seqüenciamento e análise do genoma bovino publicados na Science em 2009, realizado em taurinos, zebuínos e seus cruzamentos, representam o esforço de um Consorcio de três centenas de pesquisadores de 25 países. Os resultados são capazes de identificar a variabilidade genética que afetam a produção de leite e carne, a reprodução, a resistência à doenças, bem como um guia para a seleção individual nos programas de cruzamentos. Os estudos recentes do DNA mitocondrial de fósseis e de animais viventes indicam que populações do extinto auroque (Bos primigenius) foram os progenitores do gado europeu (Bos taurus taurus) e do gado zebu (Bos taurus indicus). Daí a proposta de denominação das duas subespécies de bovinos: Bos primigenius taurus para os taurinos e Bos primigenius indicus para os zebuínos. Evidências arqueológicas mostraram que taurinos e zebuínos surgiram independentemente em pelo menos dois locais de domesticação entre 10.000 a 8.000 anos atrás provenientes de distintos grupos de auroque. Os taurinos emergiram do Oriente Próximo (Crescente Fértil) e os zebuínos do Vale do rio Indo (hoje Paquistão) com difusão pela India e mais recentemente (3.000 anos) com a introdução de machos no norte da África. Dados moleculares sugerem que o gado zebu do norte da África originou-se do cruzamento de linhagens primitivas locais de taurinos utilizando a introgressão com machos zebuínos. Posteriormente, o gado acompanhou a migração humana através da Ásia, África, Europa e Américas, levando a dispersão e cruzamentos de taurinos e zebuínos. O genoma dos bovinos contem, ao menos, 22.000 genes e o tempo estimado de divergência indica que taurus e indicus se separaram há 1,7 a 2,0 milhões de anos atrás com sequência de nucleotídeos 16.338 e 16.339 respectivamente, diferindo entre si em 237 posições.
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