LA GENOMICA BOVINA - ORIGEN Y EVOLUCIÓN DE TAURINOS Y CEBUINOS
Palabras clave:
origen, evolución, taurinos, cebuinosResumen
Las dos formas de ganado, identificadas como taurinos y cebuinos, son básicamente
diferenciadas entre sí por la ausencia y presencia de giba. Los fetos con pocas semanas ya
poseen giba. Los bovinos son actualmente representados por cerca de 800 razas, en una
población mundial de mil cuatrocientos millones de animales. De estas, cerca de 480 son
taurinos y se encuentran en Europa. En Brasil hay alrededor de 60 razas, lo que representa
7,5% del total. Los trabajos sobre el secuenciamiento y análisis del genoma bovino
publicados en la revista Science en 2009, realizado en taurinos, cebuinos y sus cruzas,
representan el esfuerzo de una sociedad de tres centenas de investigadores de 25 países. Los
resultados son capaces de identificar la variabilidad genética que afectan la producción de
leche y carne, la reproducción y la resistencia a enfermedades, siendo también usados como
guía para la selección individual en los programas de cruzamiento. Los estudios recientes del
ADN mitocondrial de fósiles y de animales vivientes indican que poblaciones del extinto uro
(Bos primigenius) fueron los progenitores del ganado europeo (Bos taurus taurus) y del
ganado cebú (Bos taurus indicus). Por ello se considera la propuesta de denominación de las
dos subespecies de bovinos: Bos primigenius taurus para los taurinos y Bos primigenius
indicus para los cebuinos. Evidencias arqueológicas muestran que taurinos y cebuinos
surgieron independientemente en por lo menos dos sitios de domesticación entre 10.000 y
8.000 años atrás, provenientes de distintos grupos de uros. Los taurinos surgieron del Oriente
Próximo (Creciente Fértil) y los cebuinos del Valle del rio Indo (hoy Pakistán) y se
difundieron por la India y más recientemente (3.000 años), con la introducción de machos, en
el norte de África. Datos moleculares sugieren que el ganado cebú del norte de África se
originó del cruzamiento de linajes primitivas locales de taurinos utilizando la introgresión con
machos cebuinos. Posteriormente, el ganado acompañó la migración humana a través de Asia,
África, Europa y América, lo que promovió la dispersión y cruzamientos de taurinos y
cebuinos.
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