THE BOVINE GENOMIC - ORIGIN AND EVOLUTION OF TAURINE AND ZEBUINE CATTLE
Keywords:
origin, evolution, taurine, zebuine cattleAbstract
The two forms of livestock, identified as taurine and zebu, are basically differentiated from each other by the absence and presence of hump. Fetuses with a few weeks already have hump. Cattle are now represented by about 800 races, a world population of 1.4 billion animals. Around 480 are in Europe and are taurines. In Brazil, about 60 races, which accounts for 7.5% of the total. Work on the sequencing and analysis of the bovine genome published in Science in 2009, held in taurine, zebu cattle and their crosses, represent the effort of a Consortium of three hundred researchers from 25 countries. The results are able to identify the genetic variability affecting the production of milk and meat, reproduction, disease resistance, as well as a guide for individual selection in breeding programs. Recent studies of mitochondrial DNA from fossils and living animals indicate that populations of the extinct aurochs (Bos primigenius) were the progenitors of European cattle (Bos taurus taurus) and zebu cattle (Bos taurus indicus). Hence the proposed designation of two subspecies of cattle, Bos primigenius taurus for taurines and Bos primigenius indicus for zebu. Archaeological evidence showed that taurine and zebu cattle have arisen independently in at least two places
of domestication between 10,000 to 8,000 years ago from different groups of aurochs. Taurines have emerged from the Near East (Fertile Crescent) and zebu from Indus Valley (now Pakistan) with diffusion by India and more recently (3000 years) with the introduction of males in North Africa. Molecular data suggest that zebu cattle in North Africa originated from the crossing of local primitive lineage of taurines using the male zebu introgression. Subsequently, cattle accompanied human migration throughout Asia, Africa, Europe and the Americas, leading to dispersion and crosses of taurine and zebu cattle. The cattle genome contains at least 22,000 genes and the estimated time of divergence indicates that taurus and indicus split from 1.7 to 2.0 million years ago with 16,338 nucleotide sequence and 16,339 respectively, differing among themselves in 237 positions .
References
Mayr, E O que é a evolução? Rio de Janeiro: Editora Rocco Ltda; 2005.
Elsik, CG e cols The Bovine HapMap Consortium The Genome Sequence of Taurine Cattle: A Window to Ruminant Biology and Evolution Science 2009; 324 (5926): 522-8 e 528-32.
Hiendleder S, Lewalski H, Jenke A. Complete mitochondrial genomes of Bos taurus and Bos indicus provide new insights into intra-species variation, taxonomy and domestication Cytogenet Genome Res 2008;120 (1-2): 150-6.
Edwards CJ, Magee DA, Park SD, McGettingan PA, Lohan AJ, Murphy A, Finlay EK, Shapiro B, Chamberlain AT, Richards MB, Bradley DG, Loftus BJ, MacHugh DE, Edwards CJ. A complete mitochondrial genome sequence from a mesolithic wild aurochs (Bos primigenius) PLoS One 2010; 5 (2):e9255
Perez-Pardal L, Royo LJ, Beja-Pereira A, Chen S, Cantet RJC, Trairpe A, Curik I, Sölkner J, Bozzi R, Fernandez I, Álvarez I, Gutiérrez JP, Gómez E, Ponce de León, Goyache F Multiple paternal origins of domestic cattle revealed by Y-specific interspersed multilocus microsatellites. Heredity 2010; 105: 511-9
Mona S, Catalano G, Lari M, Larson G, Boscato P, Casoli A, Sineo L, DiPatti C, Pecchioli E, Caramelli D, Bertorelle G. Population dynamic of the extinct European aurochs: genetic evidence of a north-south differentiation pattern and no evidence of post-glacial expansion BMC Evol Biol 2010; 10:83.
Edwards CJ, Bellongino R, Scheu A. Mitochondrial DNA analysis shows a Near Eastern Neolithic origin of domestic cattle and no indication of domestication of European aurochs Proc Biol Sci 2007; 274 (1616): 1377-85
Pruvost M, Schwarz R, Correia VB, Champlot S, Braguier S, Morel N, Fernandez-Jalvo Y, Grange T, Geigl EM Freshly excavated fossil bones are best for amplification of ancient DNA. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2007; 104 (3): 739-44
Beja-Pereira A, Caranelli D, Laluenza-Fox C, Vernesi C The origin of European cattle: evidence from modern and ancient DNA. Proc.Natl Acad Sci USA 2006; 103(21): 8113- 8.
Fan B, Zhi-Qiang Du, Gorbach DM, Rothschild MF. Development and application of high-density SNP Arrays in genomic studies of domestic animals Asian-Aust. J Anim Sci. 2010; 23 (7): 833-47
Ihara N, Takasuga A, Mizoshita K, Takeda H, Sugimoto M, Mizoguchi Y, Hirano T, Itoh T, Watababe T, Reed KM, Snelling WM, Kappes SM, Beattie CW, Bennett GL, Sugimoto Y A comprehensive genetic map of cattle genome based on 3802 microsatellites Genome Res 2010; 1987-98.
Li, M.-H, Kantanen J. Genetic structure of Eurasian cattle (Bos taurus) based on microsatellites:clarification for their breed classification. Animal Genetics 2009; 41: 150-8.
Bollongino R, Elsner J, Vigne J-D, Burger J. Y-SNPs do not indicate hybridization between European Auroque and Domestic cattle PLoS One 2008; 3(10) e3418.
Shodi M, Mukesh M, Mishra BP Evaluation of genetic differentiation in Bos indicus cattle breeds from Marathwada region of India using microsatellite polymorphism Animal Biotechnology 2005; 16: 127-37.
Freeman AR, Bradley DG, Nagda S, Gibson JP, Hanotte O. Combination of multiple microsatellite data sets to investigate genetic diversity and admixture of domestic cattle Animal Genetics 2005; 37: 1-9.
Miretti MM, Pereira-Jr, HA, Poli MA, Contel EPB, Ferro JA African-derived mitochondria in South American native cattle breeds (Bos taurus): evidence of a new taurine mitochondrial lineage. J Hered 2002; 93(5): 323-30.
Qu K, Wu G, Liao X, Jin X, Shao G, Yang G, Yuan B, Huang B, Wen J, Zhang Y Mitochondrial DNA D-Loop Variation and Genetic Background of Brahman Cattle Zoological Research 2006; 27 (6): 615-20.
Liu W-S, Beattie CW, Ponce de León FA Bovine Y chromosome microsatellite polymorphisms. Cytogenet Genome Res 2003;102: 53-58.
Bradley DG, MacHugh DE, Loftus RT, Sow RS, Hoste CH, Cunningham EP Zebu-taurine variation in Y chromosome DNA: a sensitive assay for genetic introgression in West African trypanotolerant cattle population. Animal Genetics 1994; 25: 7-12.
MacHugh DE, Shriver MD, Loftus RT, Cunningham P, Bradley DG Microssatélite DNA variation and the evolution, domestication and phylogeography of taurine and zebu cattle (Bos taurus and Bos indicus). Genetics 1997; 146 (3): 1071-86
Hanotte O, Tawah CL, Bradley DG, OkomoM, Verjee Y, Ochieng J, Rege JEO Geographic distribution and frequency of a taurine Bos Taurus an indicine Bos indicus Y specific allele amongst sub-Saharan African cattle breeds. Molec Ecol 2000; 9 (4): 387-96.
Mannen H, Kohno M, Nagat Y, Tsuji S, Bradley DG Independent mitochondrial origin and historical genetic differentiation in North Eastern Asian cattle Molec Phylogen Evol 2004;32(2): 539-44.
Gotherström A, Anderung C, Hellborg L, Elburg R, Smith C, Bradley DG, Ellegren H Cattle domestication in the Near East was followed by hybridization with aurouchs bulls in Europe Proc R Soc B 2005; 272: 2345-50.
Farah BF DNA Segredos e Mistérios São Paulo: Sarvier Editora de Livros Médicos 2007.
Wiggans GR, Sonstegard TS, VanRaden PM, Matukumalli LK, Schnabel RD, Taylor JF, Schenkel Van Tassel CP Selection of single-nucleotide polymorphism and quality of genotipes used in genomic evaluation of dairy cattle in the United States and Canada J Dairy Science 2009; 92 (7): 3431-6.
Hassanin A, Douzery EJP Evolutionary affinity of the enigmatic Saola (Pseudorix nghetinhensis) in the contex of the molecular phylogeny of Bovidae. Proc. R Soc London B 1999; 266: 893-900
Futuyama, DJ Biologia Evolutiva São Paulo Ed. Soc Bras Genética 2a. ed.; 1997.
Benton, MJ Paleontologia dos Vertebrados São Paulo Atheneu Editora; 2006.
Rose KD On the origin of the order Artiodactyla Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1996; 93: 1705-09.
Hassanin A, Douzery EJP. Molecular and morphological phylogenies of Ruminantia and the alternative position of the Moschidae Syst. Biol. 2003; 52(2): 206-28.
Buntjer JB, Hoff IA, Lenstra JA e cols. Artiodactyl interspersed DNA repeat in cetacean genome. J Molec Evol 1997; 4 (1): 66-9.
Athanassof N Manual do Criador de Bovinos São Paulo Ed. Melhoramentos 6ª Ed. 1957.
Garcia-Fierro B Ganado Vacuno Barcelona Ed. Salvat; 1956.
Epstein H, Mason IL Cattle in:Mason IL Evolution of domesticated animals
London Longman: Mason IL, edition 1984.
Bailey JF, Richards MB, Macauley VA, Colson IB, James IT, Bradley DG, Hedges REM, Sykes BC. Ancient DNA suggests a recent expansion of European cattle from a diverse wild progenitor species. Proc R Soc B 1996;263: 1467.
Grigson C The craniology and relationship of four species of Bos. 5. Bos indicus. J Arch Sci 1980; 7: 3-32.
Felius On the breeds of cattle – Historic and current classification. Diversity 2011; 3: 660-92.
Troy CS, MacHugh DE, Balley JF, Magee DA, Loftus RT, Cunningham P, Chamberlain AT, Sykes BC, Bradley DG Genetic evidence for Near-Eastern origin of European cattle. Nature 2001; 410: 1088-91.
Loftus RT, MacHugh DE, Bradley DG, Sharp PM, Cunningham P Evidence for two independent domestications of cattle Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1994; 91: 2757-61.
Loftus RT, MacHugh DE, Negere LO, Balain DS, Badi AM, Bradley DG Mitochondrial genetic variation in European, African and Indian cattle populations Animal Genetics 1994;25: 265-71
MacHugh DE, Shriver MD, Loftus RT, Cunningham P, Bradley DG Microssatélite DNA variation and the evolution, domestication and phylogeography of taurine and zebu cattle (Bos taurus and Bos indicus). Genetics 1997; 146 (3): 1071-86.
Bradley DG, Loftus RT, Cunningham P, MacHugh DE Genetics and domestic cattle origins. Evol Antropol 1998; 6: 79-86.
Loftus RT, Ertugrul O, Harba AH, El-Barody MAA, MacHugh DE, Park SDE, Bradley DG A microsatellite survey of cattle from centre of origin: the Near East Molec Ecol 1999; 8:2015-22.
Cymbrom T, Freeman AR, Malheiro MI, Vigne J-D, Bradkey DG. Microsatellite diversity suggests different histories for Mediterranean and Northern European cattle populations. Proc R Soc B 2005; 272: 1837-43.
Ajmone-Marsan P, Garcia JF, Lenstra JA e cols (2010) On the origin of cattle. How aurochs became cattle and colonized the world. Evolutionary Antropology 2010; 19 (4) 148-57.
Negrini R, Nijman IJ, Milanesi E Diferentiation of European cattle by AFLP fingerprinting. Animal Genetics 2007; 38: 60-6.
Chen S, Lin B-Z, Baig M Zebu cattle are an exclusive legacy of the South Asia Neolithic Mol Biol Evol 2010; 27(1): 1-6
Anderung C, Hellborg L, Sedon J, Hanotte O, Göterström. A Investigation of X-and Y-specific single nucleotide polymorphism in taurine (Bos taurus) and indicine (Bos indicus) cattle. Animal Genetics 2007; 38(6): 595-600.
Suzuki e cols (1993) Polymerase chain reaction analysis of mitochondrial DNA polymorphism in N´Dama and zebu cattle. Anim Genet 1993 24: 339-43.
Frisch JE, Drinkwater R, Harrison B, Johnson S. Classification of the southern African sanga and East African shorthorned zebu. Animal Genetics 1997; 28(2) 77-83.
Jia S, Chen H, Zang G, Wang S, Lei C, Yao R, Han X e cols. Genetic variation of mitochondrial D-Loop Region and Evolution analysis in some Chinese cattle breed. J Genetics and Genomics 2007 34(6): 510-8
Lei CZ, Chen H, Zang HC, Cai X, Liu RY, Luo LY, Wang CF, Ge QL, Zhang RF, Lan XY, Sun WB. Origin and phylogeographical structure of Chinese cattle Animal Genetics 2006; 37: 579-82.
FAO The state of the world´s animal Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture -first draft 2006.
Switonski M, Ansari HA, Mathew A, Jung HR, Stranzinger G Synaptonemal complex analysis in primary spermatocytes of cattle X zebu hybrids (Bos Taurus X Bos indicus) J Anim Breed Genet 1990; 107: 229-38.
Dollin AE, Murray JD, Gilles CB. Synaptonemal complex analysis of hybrid cattle. II. Bos indicus X Bos taurus F1 and backcross hybrids Genome 1991; 34: 220-7
Switonski M, Stranzinger G. Studies of Synaptonemal complexes in farm mammals – A review J Hered 1998; 89 (6): 473-80.
Meirelles FV, Rosa AJM, Lobo RB, Garcia JM, Smith LC, Duarte AM Is the american zebu really Bos indicus? Genet Molec Biol 1999; 22(4):343-46.
Qu K, Wu G, Liao X. Mitochondrial DNA D-Loop variation and genetic background of Brahman cattle. Zoological Research 2006; 27(6): 615-20.
Hsu TC, Benirschke K. An Atlas of Mammalian Chromosomes. Spring-Verlag: Berlin, Heindelbeg, New York 1967 e 1968.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Este obra está licenciado com uma Licença Creative Commons Atribuição-NãoComercial 4.0 Internacional.
