BOVINE SCABIES: OVERVIEW, IMPACT ON ANIMAL PRODUCTION, TREATMENT AND CONTROL
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.35172/rvz.2022.v29.576Keywords:
Scabies in cattle, , economic impact, animal health.Abstract
Bovine scabies is caused by the mite infestation of Sarcoptes, Chorioptes, Psoroptes and Demodex genera, in an isolated and / or concomitant manner. Although it is seen as a less relevant clinical condition, it must still be investigated, mainly due to the zoonotic potential and direct impact on animals’ health and production. The main transmission route of these mites in cattle is through physical contact between animals, as well as inadequate handling of farms. In the epidemiological aspect, another determining factor in transmissibility is the seasonality, with high number of these ectoparasites at certain times of the year. The objective of this work is to provide a general and updated overview of the main scabies that affects cattle and its impact on animal production, treatment and control.
References
1. Hamel D, Joachim A, Löwenstein M, Pfister K, Silaghi C, Visser M, Winter R, Yoon S, Cramer L, Rehbein S. Treatment and control of bovine sarcoptic and psoroptic mange infestation with ivermectin long-acting injectable (IVOMEC® GOLD). Parasitol Res. 2015;114:535-42.
2. Mullen GR, Durden LA. Cattle Follicle Mites (Demodex bovis and D. tauri) in: Medical and Veterinary Entomology, Third ed., Elsevier. 2019; 574.
3. Kollbrunner M, Luginbühl A, Pfister K. Epidemiological aspects of Chorioptes-mange in dairy cows in Switzerland: a field study. Schweiz Arch Tierheilkd. 2010;152:231-6.
4. Villarroel A, Halliburton MK. Control of extensive chorioptic mange natural infection in lactating dairy cattle without milk withdrawal. Vet J. 2013;197(2):233-237.
5. Vieira MI, Bordin T, Dall'Agnol B, Zanchin F, Motta AC, Noro M. Re-emergence of Chorioptes bovis (Acari: Psoroptidae) in cattle in the state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Rev Bras Parasitol Vet. 2014. p.23:530-3.
6. Visser M, Löwenstein M, Yoon S, Rehbein S. The treatment of bovine sarcoptic mange (Sarcoptes scabiei var. bovis) using eprinomectin extended-release injection. Vet Parasitol, 2013. p.192:359–364.
7. Rehbein S, Visser M, Winter R, Trommer B, Matthes H-F, Maciel AE, Maley SE. Productivity effects of bovine mange and control with ivermectin. Vet Parasitol, 2003. p.114:267–284.
8. Wall, Richard L, Shearer David. Veterinary ectoparasites: biology, pathology and control. John Wiley & Sons; 2008.
9. Mitchell ES, Jones JR, Foster AP, Millar M, Milnes A, Williams J. Clinical features of psoroptic mange in cattle in England and Wales. Vet Rec. 2012;170:359.
10. Losson BJ, Lonneux JF, Lekimme M. The pathology of Psoroptes ovis infestation in cattle with a special emphasis on breed difference. Vet. Parasitol. 1999; 83:219–229.
11. Silva JCPM. Principais doenças em bovinos. Viçosa, MG: Aprenda Fácil Editora; 2017. p.145.
12. Sarre C, González-Hernández A, Van Coppernolle S, Grit R, Grauwet K, Van Meulder F, Chiers K, Van den Broeck W, Geldhof P, Claerebout E. Comparative immune responses against Psoroptes ovis in two cattle breeds with different susceptibility to mange. Vet Res. 2015;46:131.
13. Rose H, Learmount J, Taylor M, Wall R. Mapping risk foci for endemic sheep scab. Vet. Parasitol. 165, 2009. p.112–118.
14. Blutke A, Börjes P, Herbach N, Pfister K, Hamel D, Rehbein S, Wanke R. Acaricide treatment prevents adrenocortical hyperplasia as a long-term stress reaction to psoroptic mange in cattle. Vet Parasitol. 2015. p.207:125-33.
15. Sarre C, De Bleecker K, Deprez P, Levecke B, Charlier J, Vercruysse J, Claerebout E Risk factors for Psoroptes ovis mange on Belgian Blue farms in Northern Belgium. Vet Parasitol. 190, 2012; p. 216–221.
16. Zahler M, Essig A, Gothe R, Rinder H. Molecular analyses suggest monospecificity of the genus Sarcoptes (Acari: Sarcoptidae). Int J Parasitol. 1999;29:759-66.
17. Hejduk G, Hofstätter K, Löwenstein M, Peschke R, Miller I, Joachim A. Characterization of Sarcoptes scabiei antigens. Parasitol Res. 2011;108:309-315.
19. He R, Gu XB, Xie Y, Peng XR, Angel C, Yang GY. Transcriptome- based analysis of putative allergens of Chorioptes texanus. Parasit Vectors. 2019;12:587.
20. Visser M, Löwenstein M, Yoon S, Rehbein S. The treatment of bovine sarcoptic mange (Sarcoptes scabiei var. bovis) using eprinomectin extended-release injection. Vet Parasitol, 2013. p.192:359–364.
21. Lonneux JF, Nguyen TQ, Detry J, Farnir F, Losson BJ. The relationship between parasite counts, lesions, antibody titres and daily weight gains in Psoroptes ovis infested cattle. Vet. Parasitol, 1998. p.137-148.
22. Van den Broek AH, Huntley JF. Sheep scab: the disease, pathogenesis and control. J Comp Pathol. 2003;128:79-91.
23. Cortinas R, Jones CJ. Ectoparasites of cattle and small ruminants. Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract. 2006;22:673-93.
24. Taylor MA, Coop R. L. & Wall R L. Veterinary Parasitology. 3rd edn. Blackwell Publishing, 2007. p.232-235.
25. Reddy BS, Sivajothi S. Clinical management of demodicosis in Ongole cattle. J Parasit Dis. 2016;40:1311-1312.
26. Wall, Richard L, Shearer David. Veterinary ectoparasites: biology, pathology and control. John Wiley & Sons; 2008.
27. Sweatman, GK. Seasonal variations in the sites of infestation of Chorioptes bovis, a parasitic mite of cattle, with observations on the associated dermatitis. Canadian Journal of Comparative Medicine and Veterinary Science 20. 1956;321–336.
28. Lekimme M, Farnir F, Maréchal F, Losson B. Failure of injectable ivermectin to control psoroptic mange in cattle. Vet Rec. 2010; 9;167:575-6.
29. Murray MD, Nutting WB, Hewetson RW. Letter: Demodectic mange of cattle. Aust Vet J. 1976;52:49.
30. Bowman, Dwight D, et al. Parasitologia Veterinária de Georgis. 9ª edição; 2010.
31. Hamid ME, Alla KM, Ahmed SS, El Shiekh AE, Ibrahim KE. Unusual manifestation of a concurrent demodectic and sarcoptic mange in a Zebu-Friesian cross-bred heifer. J S Afr Vet Assoc. 2006;77:90-1.
32. Amer S, El Wahab TA, Metwaly Ael N, Ye J, Roellig D, Feng Y, Xiao L. Preliminary molecular characterizations of Sarcoptes scaibiei (Acari: Sarcoptidae) from farm animals in Egypt. PLoS One. 2014; 11;9:e94705.
33. Matthes HF. Investigations of pathogenesis of cattle demodicosis: sites of predilection, habitat and dynamics of demodectic nodules. Vet Parasitol, 1994. p.53:283-91.
34. Wanderley JNA, Athayde ACR, Moura JFP, Bezerra LR, Vaz AFM, Lima EQ, Oliveira JPF, Silva WW. Factors affecting occurrence of demodecosis by Demodex bovis in Sindhi cattle (Bos indicus). Trop Anim Health Prod. 2020;52:1971-1976.
35. Mbuthia PG, Kariuki DI, Mulei CM. Generalised demodicosis in a Friesian heifer from a zero-grazing unit. Vet Parasitol, 1994. p.51:337-43.
36. Lemos LS, Santos ASO, Sales LG, Silveira LS, Carvalho ECQ. Demodicose bovina: relato de caso. Arq. Bras. Med. Vet. Zootec., 2005. p.732-735.
37. Martinelle L, Dal Pozzo F, Losson B, Sarradin P, Saegerman C. Demodicosis in two Holstein young calves. Parasite. 2011;18:89-90.
38. Burd EM, Juzych LA, Rudrik JT, Habib F. Pustular dermatitis causad by Dermatophilus congolensis. J Clin Microbiol. 2007; 45: 1655-8.
39. Cunha PHJ, Siqueira AK, Oliveira, JP, Badial, PR, Oliveira, AP, Listoni FJP, Ribeiro MG, Borges AS. Dermatofilose em bovinos criados em regime de confinamento. Veterinária e Zootecnia, 2010. v. 17, n. 2, p. 224-228.
40. Dalis JS, Kazeem HM, Kwaga JKP, Kwanashie CN. Prevalence and distribution of dermatophytosis lesions on cattle in Plateau State, Nigeria. Vet World. 2019;12(9):1484-1490.
41. Walton SF, Dougall A, Pizzutto S, Holt D, Taplin D, Arlian LG, Morgan M, Currie BJ, Kemp DJ. Genetic epidemiology of Sarcoptes scabiei (Acari: Sarcoptidae) in northern Australia. Int J Parasitol. 2004;34:839-49.
42. Hill, PB. Performing and interpreting diagnostic tests. In: Hill, P.B. Small Animal Dermatology. 1.ed. Edinburgh: Elsevier Science, 2002. Cap. 13, p. 148-229.
43. Khoshnegah J, Movassaghi AR, Rad M. Survey of dermatological conditions in a population of domestic dogs in Mashad, northeast of Iran. Vet. Res. Forum, v.4, n.2, p.99- 103, 2013.
44. Bloom, P. Diagnostic techniques in dermatology. In: Campbell, KL. Small Animal Dermatology Secrets. 1.ed. Philadelphia: Hanley e Belfus, 2004. Cap. 3, p. 21-33.
45. Baker KP. Observation on the epidemiology, diagnosis and treatment of demodicosis in dogs. Vet. Res., v. 86, p. 90-91, 1970.
46. Paterson S. Diagnostic tests. In: Paterson S. Manual of Skin Diseases of the Dog and Cat. 2.ed. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing, 2008. Cap.3, p.13-25.
47. Lomholt G. Demonstration of Sarcoptes scabiei. Arch Dermatol, v.114, p. 1096, 1978.
48. Saridomichelakis M, Koutinas A, Papadogiannakis E. Adult-onset demodicosis in two dogs due to Demodex canis and shorttailed demodectic mite. J. Small Anim Pract, v.40, p.529-532, 1999.
49. Lifschitz, A., Virkel, G., Sallovitz, J., Sutra, J.., Galtier, P., Alvinerie, M., Lanusse, C. Comparative distribution of ivermectin and doramectin to parasite location tissues in cattle. Vet. Parasitol. 87, 2000. p.327–338.
50. Lifschitz A, Fiel C, Steffan P, Cantón C, Muchiut S, Dominguez P, Lanusse C, Alvarez L. Failure of ivermectin efficacy against Psoroptes ovis infestation in cattle: Integrated pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic evaluation of two commercial formulations. Vet Parasitol, 2018. p.263:18-22.
51. Van Mol W, De Wilde N, Casaert S, Chen Z, Vanhecke M, Duchateau L, Claerebout E. Resistance against macrocyclic lactones in Psoroptes ovis in cattle. Parasit Vectors. 2020;13:127.
52. Soll MD, Carmichael IH, Swan GE, Scherer H. Control of cattle mange in southern Africa using ivermectin. Trop Anim Health Prod. 1987;19:93-102
53. Lifschitz A, Sallovitz J, Imperiale F, Pis A, Jauregui Lorda J, Lanusse C. Pharmacokinetic evaluation of four ivermectin generic formulations in calves. Vet Parasitol. 2004;30;119:247-57.
54. Warnick LD, Nydam D, Maciel A, Guard CL, Wade SE. Udder cleft dermatitis and sarcoptic mange in a dairy herd. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2002 15;221:273-6.
55. Genchi C, Alvinerie M, Forbes A, et al. Comparative evaluation of two ivermectin injectable formulations against psoroptic mange in feedlot cattle. Veterinary Parasitology, 2008. p.158:110-116.
56. Clymer BC, Janes TH, McKenzie ME. Evaluation of the therapeutic and protective efficacy of doramectin against psoroptic scabies in cattle. Vet Parasitol. 1997;72:79-89.
57. Villa L, Gazzonis AL, Perlotti C, Zanzani SA, Sironi G, Manfredi MT. First report of Demodex bovis infestation in bovine besnoitiosis co-infected dairy cattle in Italy. Parasitol Int. 2020;75:102021.
2. Mullen GR, Durden LA. Cattle Follicle Mites (Demodex bovis and D. tauri) in: Medical and Veterinary Entomology, Third ed., Elsevier. 2019; 574.
3. Kollbrunner M, Luginbühl A, Pfister K. Epidemiological aspects of Chorioptes-mange in dairy cows in Switzerland: a field study. Schweiz Arch Tierheilkd. 2010;152:231-6.
4. Villarroel A, Halliburton MK. Control of extensive chorioptic mange natural infection in lactating dairy cattle without milk withdrawal. Vet J. 2013;197(2):233-237.
5. Vieira MI, Bordin T, Dall'Agnol B, Zanchin F, Motta AC, Noro M. Re-emergence of Chorioptes bovis (Acari: Psoroptidae) in cattle in the state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Rev Bras Parasitol Vet. 2014. p.23:530-3.
6. Visser M, Löwenstein M, Yoon S, Rehbein S. The treatment of bovine sarcoptic mange (Sarcoptes scabiei var. bovis) using eprinomectin extended-release injection. Vet Parasitol, 2013. p.192:359–364.
7. Rehbein S, Visser M, Winter R, Trommer B, Matthes H-F, Maciel AE, Maley SE. Productivity effects of bovine mange and control with ivermectin. Vet Parasitol, 2003. p.114:267–284.
8. Wall, Richard L, Shearer David. Veterinary ectoparasites: biology, pathology and control. John Wiley & Sons; 2008.
9. Mitchell ES, Jones JR, Foster AP, Millar M, Milnes A, Williams J. Clinical features of psoroptic mange in cattle in England and Wales. Vet Rec. 2012;170:359.
10. Losson BJ, Lonneux JF, Lekimme M. The pathology of Psoroptes ovis infestation in cattle with a special emphasis on breed difference. Vet. Parasitol. 1999; 83:219–229.
11. Silva JCPM. Principais doenças em bovinos. Viçosa, MG: Aprenda Fácil Editora; 2017. p.145.
12. Sarre C, González-Hernández A, Van Coppernolle S, Grit R, Grauwet K, Van Meulder F, Chiers K, Van den Broeck W, Geldhof P, Claerebout E. Comparative immune responses against Psoroptes ovis in two cattle breeds with different susceptibility to mange. Vet Res. 2015;46:131.
13. Rose H, Learmount J, Taylor M, Wall R. Mapping risk foci for endemic sheep scab. Vet. Parasitol. 165, 2009. p.112–118.
14. Blutke A, Börjes P, Herbach N, Pfister K, Hamel D, Rehbein S, Wanke R. Acaricide treatment prevents adrenocortical hyperplasia as a long-term stress reaction to psoroptic mange in cattle. Vet Parasitol. 2015. p.207:125-33.
15. Sarre C, De Bleecker K, Deprez P, Levecke B, Charlier J, Vercruysse J, Claerebout E Risk factors for Psoroptes ovis mange on Belgian Blue farms in Northern Belgium. Vet Parasitol. 190, 2012; p. 216–221.
16. Zahler M, Essig A, Gothe R, Rinder H. Molecular analyses suggest monospecificity of the genus Sarcoptes (Acari: Sarcoptidae). Int J Parasitol. 1999;29:759-66.
17. Hejduk G, Hofstätter K, Löwenstein M, Peschke R, Miller I, Joachim A. Characterization of Sarcoptes scabiei antigens. Parasitol Res. 2011;108:309-315.
19. He R, Gu XB, Xie Y, Peng XR, Angel C, Yang GY. Transcriptome- based analysis of putative allergens of Chorioptes texanus. Parasit Vectors. 2019;12:587.
20. Visser M, Löwenstein M, Yoon S, Rehbein S. The treatment of bovine sarcoptic mange (Sarcoptes scabiei var. bovis) using eprinomectin extended-release injection. Vet Parasitol, 2013. p.192:359–364.
21. Lonneux JF, Nguyen TQ, Detry J, Farnir F, Losson BJ. The relationship between parasite counts, lesions, antibody titres and daily weight gains in Psoroptes ovis infested cattle. Vet. Parasitol, 1998. p.137-148.
22. Van den Broek AH, Huntley JF. Sheep scab: the disease, pathogenesis and control. J Comp Pathol. 2003;128:79-91.
23. Cortinas R, Jones CJ. Ectoparasites of cattle and small ruminants. Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract. 2006;22:673-93.
24. Taylor MA, Coop R. L. & Wall R L. Veterinary Parasitology. 3rd edn. Blackwell Publishing, 2007. p.232-235.
25. Reddy BS, Sivajothi S. Clinical management of demodicosis in Ongole cattle. J Parasit Dis. 2016;40:1311-1312.
26. Wall, Richard L, Shearer David. Veterinary ectoparasites: biology, pathology and control. John Wiley & Sons; 2008.
27. Sweatman, GK. Seasonal variations in the sites of infestation of Chorioptes bovis, a parasitic mite of cattle, with observations on the associated dermatitis. Canadian Journal of Comparative Medicine and Veterinary Science 20. 1956;321–336.
28. Lekimme M, Farnir F, Maréchal F, Losson B. Failure of injectable ivermectin to control psoroptic mange in cattle. Vet Rec. 2010; 9;167:575-6.
29. Murray MD, Nutting WB, Hewetson RW. Letter: Demodectic mange of cattle. Aust Vet J. 1976;52:49.
30. Bowman, Dwight D, et al. Parasitologia Veterinária de Georgis. 9ª edição; 2010.
31. Hamid ME, Alla KM, Ahmed SS, El Shiekh AE, Ibrahim KE. Unusual manifestation of a concurrent demodectic and sarcoptic mange in a Zebu-Friesian cross-bred heifer. J S Afr Vet Assoc. 2006;77:90-1.
32. Amer S, El Wahab TA, Metwaly Ael N, Ye J, Roellig D, Feng Y, Xiao L. Preliminary molecular characterizations of Sarcoptes scaibiei (Acari: Sarcoptidae) from farm animals in Egypt. PLoS One. 2014; 11;9:e94705.
33. Matthes HF. Investigations of pathogenesis of cattle demodicosis: sites of predilection, habitat and dynamics of demodectic nodules. Vet Parasitol, 1994. p.53:283-91.
34. Wanderley JNA, Athayde ACR, Moura JFP, Bezerra LR, Vaz AFM, Lima EQ, Oliveira JPF, Silva WW. Factors affecting occurrence of demodecosis by Demodex bovis in Sindhi cattle (Bos indicus). Trop Anim Health Prod. 2020;52:1971-1976.
35. Mbuthia PG, Kariuki DI, Mulei CM. Generalised demodicosis in a Friesian heifer from a zero-grazing unit. Vet Parasitol, 1994. p.51:337-43.
36. Lemos LS, Santos ASO, Sales LG, Silveira LS, Carvalho ECQ. Demodicose bovina: relato de caso. Arq. Bras. Med. Vet. Zootec., 2005. p.732-735.
37. Martinelle L, Dal Pozzo F, Losson B, Sarradin P, Saegerman C. Demodicosis in two Holstein young calves. Parasite. 2011;18:89-90.
38. Burd EM, Juzych LA, Rudrik JT, Habib F. Pustular dermatitis causad by Dermatophilus congolensis. J Clin Microbiol. 2007; 45: 1655-8.
39. Cunha PHJ, Siqueira AK, Oliveira, JP, Badial, PR, Oliveira, AP, Listoni FJP, Ribeiro MG, Borges AS. Dermatofilose em bovinos criados em regime de confinamento. Veterinária e Zootecnia, 2010. v. 17, n. 2, p. 224-228.
40. Dalis JS, Kazeem HM, Kwaga JKP, Kwanashie CN. Prevalence and distribution of dermatophytosis lesions on cattle in Plateau State, Nigeria. Vet World. 2019;12(9):1484-1490.
41. Walton SF, Dougall A, Pizzutto S, Holt D, Taplin D, Arlian LG, Morgan M, Currie BJ, Kemp DJ. Genetic epidemiology of Sarcoptes scabiei (Acari: Sarcoptidae) in northern Australia. Int J Parasitol. 2004;34:839-49.
42. Hill, PB. Performing and interpreting diagnostic tests. In: Hill, P.B. Small Animal Dermatology. 1.ed. Edinburgh: Elsevier Science, 2002. Cap. 13, p. 148-229.
43. Khoshnegah J, Movassaghi AR, Rad M. Survey of dermatological conditions in a population of domestic dogs in Mashad, northeast of Iran. Vet. Res. Forum, v.4, n.2, p.99- 103, 2013.
44. Bloom, P. Diagnostic techniques in dermatology. In: Campbell, KL. Small Animal Dermatology Secrets. 1.ed. Philadelphia: Hanley e Belfus, 2004. Cap. 3, p. 21-33.
45. Baker KP. Observation on the epidemiology, diagnosis and treatment of demodicosis in dogs. Vet. Res., v. 86, p. 90-91, 1970.
46. Paterson S. Diagnostic tests. In: Paterson S. Manual of Skin Diseases of the Dog and Cat. 2.ed. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing, 2008. Cap.3, p.13-25.
47. Lomholt G. Demonstration of Sarcoptes scabiei. Arch Dermatol, v.114, p. 1096, 1978.
48. Saridomichelakis M, Koutinas A, Papadogiannakis E. Adult-onset demodicosis in two dogs due to Demodex canis and shorttailed demodectic mite. J. Small Anim Pract, v.40, p.529-532, 1999.
49. Lifschitz, A., Virkel, G., Sallovitz, J., Sutra, J.., Galtier, P., Alvinerie, M., Lanusse, C. Comparative distribution of ivermectin and doramectin to parasite location tissues in cattle. Vet. Parasitol. 87, 2000. p.327–338.
50. Lifschitz A, Fiel C, Steffan P, Cantón C, Muchiut S, Dominguez P, Lanusse C, Alvarez L. Failure of ivermectin efficacy against Psoroptes ovis infestation in cattle: Integrated pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic evaluation of two commercial formulations. Vet Parasitol, 2018. p.263:18-22.
51. Van Mol W, De Wilde N, Casaert S, Chen Z, Vanhecke M, Duchateau L, Claerebout E. Resistance against macrocyclic lactones in Psoroptes ovis in cattle. Parasit Vectors. 2020;13:127.
52. Soll MD, Carmichael IH, Swan GE, Scherer H. Control of cattle mange in southern Africa using ivermectin. Trop Anim Health Prod. 1987;19:93-102
53. Lifschitz A, Sallovitz J, Imperiale F, Pis A, Jauregui Lorda J, Lanusse C. Pharmacokinetic evaluation of four ivermectin generic formulations in calves. Vet Parasitol. 2004;30;119:247-57.
54. Warnick LD, Nydam D, Maciel A, Guard CL, Wade SE. Udder cleft dermatitis and sarcoptic mange in a dairy herd. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2002 15;221:273-6.
55. Genchi C, Alvinerie M, Forbes A, et al. Comparative evaluation of two ivermectin injectable formulations against psoroptic mange in feedlot cattle. Veterinary Parasitology, 2008. p.158:110-116.
56. Clymer BC, Janes TH, McKenzie ME. Evaluation of the therapeutic and protective efficacy of doramectin against psoroptic scabies in cattle. Vet Parasitol. 1997;72:79-89.
57. Villa L, Gazzonis AL, Perlotti C, Zanzani SA, Sironi G, Manfredi MT. First report of Demodex bovis infestation in bovine besnoitiosis co-infected dairy cattle in Italy. Parasitol Int. 2020;75:102021.
Downloads
Published
2022-08-01
How to Cite
1.
Almeida LS, Sobral SA, Modesto M da S, Tramontana MCVB, Ferraz CM, Tobias FL, Loureiro B, Langoni H, Gonçalves H, Rocha TG, Vilela VLR, Braga FR. BOVINE SCABIES: OVERVIEW, IMPACT ON ANIMAL PRODUCTION, TREATMENT AND CONTROL. RVZ [Internet]. 2022 Aug. 1 [cited 2024 Nov. 21];29:1-13. Available from: https://rvz.emnuvens.com.br/rvz/article/view/576
Issue
Section
Review Articles
License
Este obra está licenciado com uma Licença Creative Commons Atribuição-NãoComercial 4.0 Internacional.
