USO DE ADITIVOS EN NUTRICIÓN DE RUMINANTES: REVISIÓN
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.35172/rvz.2020.v27.444Palabras clave:
alimentación animal, fermentación ruminal, IN 44/2015Resumen
El uso de aditivos en la alimentación de rumiantes sigue siendo un dilema. Ante los avances en la investigación sobre nutrición de precisión, se descubrió una gama de sustancias. Estos productos actúan positivamente sobre las características de los alimentos o directamente sobre el rendimiento de los animales y su uso está permitido siempre que no perjudiquen el valor nutricional de los alimentos. Se deben considerar aproximadamente cuatro factores al determinar si se debe usar un aditivo alimentario: respuesta esperada, retorno económico, investigación disponible y respuestas de campo. Sin embargo, el permiso de uso en Brasil está regulado por IN 44/2015, y va mucho más allá de estos factores. Actualmente, los aditivos se agrupan en cuatro categorías (tecnológicas, zootécnicas, sensoriales o nutricionales) y numerosos grupos funcionales. En años recientes, los nutricionistas han declarado que la mayoría de sus clientes usan algún tipo de aditivo en el alimento, por esta razón es necesario conocer las alternativas, así como las características de la regulación que maneja el uso de sustancias.
Citas
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2. Leng RA. Interactions between microbial consortia in biofilms: a paradigm shift in rumen microbial ecology and enteric methane mitigation. Anim Prod Sci. 2014;54:519–543.
3. BRASIL. Ministério da Agricultura, Pecuária e Abastecimento. Instrução Normativa n. 44 de 15 de dezembro de 2015. Alteração da Instrução Normativa n. 13 de 2004 e Instruções Normativas n. 15 e 30 de 2009 e n. 29 de 2010. Brasília: MAPA, 2015. Seção 1, p.7.
4. Radzikowski D. Effects of using specialized feed additives for dairy cows in the perinatal period. World Scientific News, v. 78, p. 9-13, 2017.
5. COMUNIDADE EUROPÉIA. Regulamento nº. 1831 do parlamento Europeu e do Conselho, de 22 de setembro de 2003, relativo aos aditivos destinados à alimentação animal. Comunidade Europeia, EU, 18 out. 2003. Disponível em: <http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/ES/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:32003R1831&from=en>.
6. Millen DD, Pacheco RDL, Arrigoni MDB, A snapshot of management practices and nutritional recommendations used by feedlot nutritionists in Brazil. J Anim Sci. 2009;87:3427-3439.
7. Hutjens MF. Feed additives. Vet Clinics North Am.: Food Animal Practice. 1991;7:1-525.
8. Coffey D, Dawson K, Ferket P, Connolly A. Review of the feed industry from a historical perspective and implications for its future. J Appl Anim Nutr. 2016;4:1-11.
9. Hall MB, Mertens DR. A 100-Year Review: Carbohydrates—Characterization, digestion, and utilization. J Dairy Sci. 2017;100:10078–10093.
10. Corbett JL. The nutritional value of gFassland herbage. Ency Food Sci and Nutr. 1969;17:593-644.
11. Frater P. Feed additives in ruminant nutrition: can feed additives reduce methane and improve performance in ruminants? Agriculture and Horticulture Development Board; 2014. p.1-39.
12. Schwab CG, Broderick GA. A 100-Year Review: Protein and amino acid nutrition in dairy cows. J Dairy Sci. 2017;100:10094–10112.
13. Waal HDD. Animal production from native pasture ( veld ) in the Free State Region- A perspective of the grazing ruminant. S Afr J Anim Sci. 1986;20.
14. Mcguffey RK. A 100-Year Review: Metabolic modifiers in dairy cattle nutrition. J Dairy Sci. 2017;100:10113–10142.
15. CODEX ALIMENTARIUS. Comisión del Codex Alimentarius. Manual de Procedimiento. 24º edición. Organización Mundial de La Salud y Organización de lãs Naciones Unidas para la Agricultura y la Alimentación. Roma; 2015. p. 250.
16. USA. Federal Register by the Executive departments and agencies of the Federal Government. Code of Federal Regulation, US, t. 21, v. 8. FOOD AND DRUGS. 14 ag. 2017. Seção 570.
17. Elgersma A, Søegaard K, Jensen SK. Interrelations between herbage yield, α tocopherol, β carotene, lutein, protein, and fiber in non-leguminous forbs, forage legumes, and a grass−clover mixture as affected by harvest date. J Agric Food Chem. 2015;63:406−414.
18. Oliveira RC, Guerreiro BM, Morais Junior NN, Araújo RL, Pereira RAN, Pereira MN. Supplementation of prepartum dairy cows with β-carotene. J Dairy Sci. 2015;98:1–11.
19. Narasimhaiah M, Arunachalam A, Sellappan S, Mayasula VK, Guvvala PR, Ghosh SK, Chandra V, Ghosh J, Kumar H. Organic zinc and copper supplementation on antioxidante protective mechanism and their correlation with sperm functional characteristics in goats. Reprod Domest Anim. 2018;53:644–654.
20. Overton TR, Yasui T. Practical applications of trace minerals for dairy cattle. Anim Sci J. 2014:92;416-426.
21. Abbasi IHR, Farzana A, Lihui L, Bello MBB, Mervat AA. Rumen-protected methionine a feed supplement to low dietary protein: effects on microbial population, gases production and fermentation characteristics. AMB Express. 2019:9;1-93.
22. Zhao K, Liu W, Hu ZY, Yan ZW, Wang Y, Shi KR, Liu GM, Wang ZH. Effects of rumen-protected methionine and other essential amino acid supplementation on milk and milk component yields in lactating Holstein cows. J Dairy Sci. 2019:102;7936–7947.
23. Mao HL, Mao HL, Wang JK, Liu JX, Yoon I. Effects of Saccharomyces cerevisiae fermentation product on in vitro fermentation and microbial communities of low-quality forages and mixed diets. J Anim Sci. 2013;91:3291–3298.
24. Rabiee AR, Lean IJ, Stevenson MA, Socha MT. Effects of feeding organic trace minerals on milk production and reproductive performance in lactating dairy cows: a meta-analysis. J Dairy Sci. 2010:93;4239-425.
25. Sucu E, Nayeri A, Sanz-Fernandez MV, Upah NC. The effects of supplemental protease enzymes on production variables in lactating holstein cows. Ital J Anim Sci. 2014:13;348-351.
26. Wang L, Xue B. Effects of cellulase supplementation on nutrient digestibility, energy utilization and methane emission by boer crossbred goats. Asian Australas J Anim Sci. 2016:29;204-210.
27. Romero JJ, Macias EG, Ma ZX, Martins RM, Staples CR, Beauchemin KA, Adesogan AT. Improving the performance of dairy cattle with a xylanase-rich exogenous enzyme preparation. J Dairy Sci. 2016:99;3486–3496.
28. Andreazzi ASR, Pereira MN, Reis RB, Pereira RAN, Morais Júnior NN, Acedo TS, Hermes RG, Cortinhas CS. Effect of exogenous amylase on lactation performance of dairy cows fed a high-starch diet. J Dairy Sci. 2018:101;1–9.
29. BRASIL. Ministério da Agricultura, Pecuária e Abastecimento. Instrução Normativa n. 45 de 22 de novembro de 2016. Proibir, em todo o território nacional, a importação e a fabricação da substância antimicrobiana sulfato de colistina, com a finalidade de aditivo zootécnico melhorador de desempenho na alimentação animal. Brasília: MAPA, 2016. Seção 1, p.6.
30. BRASIL. Ministério da Agricultura, Pecuária e Abastecimento. Instrução Normativa n. 26 de 09 de julho de 2009. Regulamento técnico para a fabricação, o controle de qualidade, a comercialização e o emprego de produtos antimicrobianos de uso veterinário. Brasília: MAPA, 2009.
31. BRASIL. Ministério da Agricultura, Pecuária e Abastecimento. Instrução Normativa nº 14 de 17 de maio de 2012. Proibir, em todo o território nacional a importação, fabricação e o uso das substâncias antimicrobianas espiramicina e eritromicina com finalidade de aditivo zootécnico melhorador de desempenho na alimentação animal. Brasília: MAPA, 2012.
32. Wang Z, He Z, Beauchemin KA, Tang S, Zhou C, Han X, Wang M, Kang J, Odongo NE, Tan Z. Comparison of two live Bacillus species as feed additives for improving in vitro fermentation of cereal straws. Anim Sci J. 2016:87;27–36.
33. Callaway TR, Edrington TS, Rychlik JL, Genovese KJ, Poole TL, Jung YS, Bischoff KM, Anderson RC, Nisbet DJ. Ionophores: their use as ruminant growth promotants and impact on food safety. Curr Issues Intest Microbiol. 2003:4;43-51.
34. Dodds DR. Antibiotic resistance: A current epilogue. Biochem Pharmacol. 2017:134;139–146.
35. Crossland WL, Tedeschi LO, Callaway TR, Miller MD, Smith WB, Cravey M. Effects of rotating antibiotic and ionophore feed additives on volatile fatty acid production, potential for methane production, and microbial populations of steers consuming a moderate-forage diet. J Anim Sci. 2017:95;4554-4567.
36. Berge AC, Moore DA, Besser TE, Sischo WM. Targeting therapy to minimize antimicrobial use in preweaned calves: effects on health, growth, and treatment costs. J Dairy Sci. 2009:92;4707-4714.
37. Zhao L, Dong YH, Wang H. Residues of veterinary antibiotics in manures from feedlot livestock in eight provinces of China. Sci Total Environ. 2010:408;1069-1075.
38. Sura S, Degenhardt D, Cessna AJ, Larney FJ, Olson AF, Mcallister TA. Dissipation of three veterinary antimicrobials in beef cattle feedlot manure stockpiled over winter. J Environ Qual. 2014:43;1061-1070.
39. Arowolo MA, He J. Use of probiotics and botanical extracts to improve ruminant production in the tropics. Anim Nutr J. 2018:1-30.
40. Jiang Y, Ogunade IM, Arriola KG, Qi M, Vyas D, Staples CR, Adesogan AT. Effects of the dose and viability of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. 2. Ruminal fermentation, performance of lactating dairy cows, and correlations between ruminal bacteria abundance and performance measures. J Dairy Sci. 2017:100;1–17.
41. Benchaar C, Greathead H. Essential oils and opportunities to mitigate enteric methane emissions from ruminants. Anim Feed Sci Technol. 2011:166–167;338-355.
42. Xiong JL, Wang YM, Nennich TD, Li Y, Liu JX. Transfer of dietary aflatoxin B1 to milk aflatoxin M1 and effect of inclusion of adsorbent in the diet of dairy cows. J Dairy Sci. 2015:98;1–10.
43. Borreani G, Tabacco E, Schmidt RJ, Holmes BJ, Muck RE. Silage review: Factors affecting dry matter and quality losses in silages. J Dairy Sci. 2018:101;3952–3979.
44. Oliveira AS, Weinberg ZG, Ogunade IM, Cervantes AAP, Arriola KG, Jiang Y, Kim D, Li X, Gonçalves MCM, Vyas D, Adesogan AT. Meta-analysis of effects of inoculation with homofermentative and facultative heterofermentative lactic acid bacteria on silage fermentation, aerobic stability, and the performance of dairy cows. J Dairy Sci. 2017:100;4587–4603.
2. Leng RA. Interactions between microbial consortia in biofilms: a paradigm shift in rumen microbial ecology and enteric methane mitigation. Anim Prod Sci. 2014;54:519–543.
3. BRASIL. Ministério da Agricultura, Pecuária e Abastecimento. Instrução Normativa n. 44 de 15 de dezembro de 2015. Alteração da Instrução Normativa n. 13 de 2004 e Instruções Normativas n. 15 e 30 de 2009 e n. 29 de 2010. Brasília: MAPA, 2015. Seção 1, p.7.
4. Radzikowski D. Effects of using specialized feed additives for dairy cows in the perinatal period. World Scientific News, v. 78, p. 9-13, 2017.
5. COMUNIDADE EUROPÉIA. Regulamento nº. 1831 do parlamento Europeu e do Conselho, de 22 de setembro de 2003, relativo aos aditivos destinados à alimentação animal. Comunidade Europeia, EU, 18 out. 2003. Disponível em: <http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/ES/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:32003R1831&from=en>.
6. Millen DD, Pacheco RDL, Arrigoni MDB, A snapshot of management practices and nutritional recommendations used by feedlot nutritionists in Brazil. J Anim Sci. 2009;87:3427-3439.
7. Hutjens MF. Feed additives. Vet Clinics North Am.: Food Animal Practice. 1991;7:1-525.
8. Coffey D, Dawson K, Ferket P, Connolly A. Review of the feed industry from a historical perspective and implications for its future. J Appl Anim Nutr. 2016;4:1-11.
9. Hall MB, Mertens DR. A 100-Year Review: Carbohydrates—Characterization, digestion, and utilization. J Dairy Sci. 2017;100:10078–10093.
10. Corbett JL. The nutritional value of gFassland herbage. Ency Food Sci and Nutr. 1969;17:593-644.
11. Frater P. Feed additives in ruminant nutrition: can feed additives reduce methane and improve performance in ruminants? Agriculture and Horticulture Development Board; 2014. p.1-39.
12. Schwab CG, Broderick GA. A 100-Year Review: Protein and amino acid nutrition in dairy cows. J Dairy Sci. 2017;100:10094–10112.
13. Waal HDD. Animal production from native pasture ( veld ) in the Free State Region- A perspective of the grazing ruminant. S Afr J Anim Sci. 1986;20.
14. Mcguffey RK. A 100-Year Review: Metabolic modifiers in dairy cattle nutrition. J Dairy Sci. 2017;100:10113–10142.
15. CODEX ALIMENTARIUS. Comisión del Codex Alimentarius. Manual de Procedimiento. 24º edición. Organización Mundial de La Salud y Organización de lãs Naciones Unidas para la Agricultura y la Alimentación. Roma; 2015. p. 250.
16. USA. Federal Register by the Executive departments and agencies of the Federal Government. Code of Federal Regulation, US, t. 21, v. 8. FOOD AND DRUGS. 14 ag. 2017. Seção 570.
17. Elgersma A, Søegaard K, Jensen SK. Interrelations between herbage yield, α tocopherol, β carotene, lutein, protein, and fiber in non-leguminous forbs, forage legumes, and a grass−clover mixture as affected by harvest date. J Agric Food Chem. 2015;63:406−414.
18. Oliveira RC, Guerreiro BM, Morais Junior NN, Araújo RL, Pereira RAN, Pereira MN. Supplementation of prepartum dairy cows with β-carotene. J Dairy Sci. 2015;98:1–11.
19. Narasimhaiah M, Arunachalam A, Sellappan S, Mayasula VK, Guvvala PR, Ghosh SK, Chandra V, Ghosh J, Kumar H. Organic zinc and copper supplementation on antioxidante protective mechanism and their correlation with sperm functional characteristics in goats. Reprod Domest Anim. 2018;53:644–654.
20. Overton TR, Yasui T. Practical applications of trace minerals for dairy cattle. Anim Sci J. 2014:92;416-426.
21. Abbasi IHR, Farzana A, Lihui L, Bello MBB, Mervat AA. Rumen-protected methionine a feed supplement to low dietary protein: effects on microbial population, gases production and fermentation characteristics. AMB Express. 2019:9;1-93.
22. Zhao K, Liu W, Hu ZY, Yan ZW, Wang Y, Shi KR, Liu GM, Wang ZH. Effects of rumen-protected methionine and other essential amino acid supplementation on milk and milk component yields in lactating Holstein cows. J Dairy Sci. 2019:102;7936–7947.
23. Mao HL, Mao HL, Wang JK, Liu JX, Yoon I. Effects of Saccharomyces cerevisiae fermentation product on in vitro fermentation and microbial communities of low-quality forages and mixed diets. J Anim Sci. 2013;91:3291–3298.
24. Rabiee AR, Lean IJ, Stevenson MA, Socha MT. Effects of feeding organic trace minerals on milk production and reproductive performance in lactating dairy cows: a meta-analysis. J Dairy Sci. 2010:93;4239-425.
25. Sucu E, Nayeri A, Sanz-Fernandez MV, Upah NC. The effects of supplemental protease enzymes on production variables in lactating holstein cows. Ital J Anim Sci. 2014:13;348-351.
26. Wang L, Xue B. Effects of cellulase supplementation on nutrient digestibility, energy utilization and methane emission by boer crossbred goats. Asian Australas J Anim Sci. 2016:29;204-210.
27. Romero JJ, Macias EG, Ma ZX, Martins RM, Staples CR, Beauchemin KA, Adesogan AT. Improving the performance of dairy cattle with a xylanase-rich exogenous enzyme preparation. J Dairy Sci. 2016:99;3486–3496.
28. Andreazzi ASR, Pereira MN, Reis RB, Pereira RAN, Morais Júnior NN, Acedo TS, Hermes RG, Cortinhas CS. Effect of exogenous amylase on lactation performance of dairy cows fed a high-starch diet. J Dairy Sci. 2018:101;1–9.
29. BRASIL. Ministério da Agricultura, Pecuária e Abastecimento. Instrução Normativa n. 45 de 22 de novembro de 2016. Proibir, em todo o território nacional, a importação e a fabricação da substância antimicrobiana sulfato de colistina, com a finalidade de aditivo zootécnico melhorador de desempenho na alimentação animal. Brasília: MAPA, 2016. Seção 1, p.6.
30. BRASIL. Ministério da Agricultura, Pecuária e Abastecimento. Instrução Normativa n. 26 de 09 de julho de 2009. Regulamento técnico para a fabricação, o controle de qualidade, a comercialização e o emprego de produtos antimicrobianos de uso veterinário. Brasília: MAPA, 2009.
31. BRASIL. Ministério da Agricultura, Pecuária e Abastecimento. Instrução Normativa nº 14 de 17 de maio de 2012. Proibir, em todo o território nacional a importação, fabricação e o uso das substâncias antimicrobianas espiramicina e eritromicina com finalidade de aditivo zootécnico melhorador de desempenho na alimentação animal. Brasília: MAPA, 2012.
32. Wang Z, He Z, Beauchemin KA, Tang S, Zhou C, Han X, Wang M, Kang J, Odongo NE, Tan Z. Comparison of two live Bacillus species as feed additives for improving in vitro fermentation of cereal straws. Anim Sci J. 2016:87;27–36.
33. Callaway TR, Edrington TS, Rychlik JL, Genovese KJ, Poole TL, Jung YS, Bischoff KM, Anderson RC, Nisbet DJ. Ionophores: their use as ruminant growth promotants and impact on food safety. Curr Issues Intest Microbiol. 2003:4;43-51.
34. Dodds DR. Antibiotic resistance: A current epilogue. Biochem Pharmacol. 2017:134;139–146.
35. Crossland WL, Tedeschi LO, Callaway TR, Miller MD, Smith WB, Cravey M. Effects of rotating antibiotic and ionophore feed additives on volatile fatty acid production, potential for methane production, and microbial populations of steers consuming a moderate-forage diet. J Anim Sci. 2017:95;4554-4567.
36. Berge AC, Moore DA, Besser TE, Sischo WM. Targeting therapy to minimize antimicrobial use in preweaned calves: effects on health, growth, and treatment costs. J Dairy Sci. 2009:92;4707-4714.
37. Zhao L, Dong YH, Wang H. Residues of veterinary antibiotics in manures from feedlot livestock in eight provinces of China. Sci Total Environ. 2010:408;1069-1075.
38. Sura S, Degenhardt D, Cessna AJ, Larney FJ, Olson AF, Mcallister TA. Dissipation of three veterinary antimicrobials in beef cattle feedlot manure stockpiled over winter. J Environ Qual. 2014:43;1061-1070.
39. Arowolo MA, He J. Use of probiotics and botanical extracts to improve ruminant production in the tropics. Anim Nutr J. 2018:1-30.
40. Jiang Y, Ogunade IM, Arriola KG, Qi M, Vyas D, Staples CR, Adesogan AT. Effects of the dose and viability of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. 2. Ruminal fermentation, performance of lactating dairy cows, and correlations between ruminal bacteria abundance and performance measures. J Dairy Sci. 2017:100;1–17.
41. Benchaar C, Greathead H. Essential oils and opportunities to mitigate enteric methane emissions from ruminants. Anim Feed Sci Technol. 2011:166–167;338-355.
42. Xiong JL, Wang YM, Nennich TD, Li Y, Liu JX. Transfer of dietary aflatoxin B1 to milk aflatoxin M1 and effect of inclusion of adsorbent in the diet of dairy cows. J Dairy Sci. 2015:98;1–10.
43. Borreani G, Tabacco E, Schmidt RJ, Holmes BJ, Muck RE. Silage review: Factors affecting dry matter and quality losses in silages. J Dairy Sci. 2018:101;3952–3979.
44. Oliveira AS, Weinberg ZG, Ogunade IM, Cervantes AAP, Arriola KG, Jiang Y, Kim D, Li X, Gonçalves MCM, Vyas D, Adesogan AT. Meta-analysis of effects of inoculation with homofermentative and facultative heterofermentative lactic acid bacteria on silage fermentation, aerobic stability, and the performance of dairy cows. J Dairy Sci. 2017:100;4587–4603.
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2020-12-22
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Danieli B, B. Schogor AL. USO DE ADITIVOS EN NUTRICIÓN DE RUMINANTES: REVISIÓN. RVZ [Internet]. 22 de diciembre de 2020 [citado 4 de febrero de 2025];27:1-13. Disponible en: https://rvz.emnuvens.com.br/rvz/article/view/444
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