USO DE ANTIMICROBIANOS NA SUINOCULTURA: INDICAÇÕES E RESTRIÇÕES
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.35172/rvz.2020.v27.492Palavras-chave:
Produção Animal, Antibióticos, Saúde PúblicaResumo
Os antimicrobianos são utilizados na produção animal desde a década de 60, na suinocultura de quatro maneiras diferentes – como promotores de crescimento, profiláticos, metafiláticos e terapêuticos. O uso indiscriminado, aliado a subdosagens, classes erradas e destino inadequado de resíduos são um problema não só para produtores e trabalhadores da área, mas para a saúde pública e ambiental. Acredita-se que alternativas como a vigilância e o diagnóstico de uso na produção animal, bem como, o levantamento e a promoção de um banco de dados para caracterizar, determinar ou restringir seu uso, podem reduzir a incidência de genes de resistência. Algumas alternativas para a diminuição do seu uso estão ligadas a qualidade sanitária do rebanho, englobando aspectos como biosseguridade, utilização de um programa vacinal completo e promoção do bem-estar dos animais. Muitos países e organizações também estão promovendo políticas de controle do uso dessas substâncias na produção animal. A utilização de antimicrobianos na suinocultura tende a ser reduzido através de campanhas de conscientização e treinamento dos produtores, alertando para o uso racional dessas drogas afim de combater a resistência bacteriana e aproveitar sua eficiência de maneira segura. Esta revisão busca elucidar alguns pontos do uso de antimicrobianos na suinocultura brasileira, bem como seus possíveis impactos, restrições e alternativas.
Referências
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2. Visschers VH, Iten DM, Riklin A, Hartmann S, Sidler X, Siegrist M. Swiss pig farmers׳ perception and usage of antibiotics during the fattening period. Livest Sci. 2014; 162: 223-32.
3. Osterberg J, Wingstrand A, Nygaard JA, Kerouanton A, Cibin V, Barco L, et al. Antibiotic resistance in Escherichia coli from pigs in organic and conventional farming in four European countries. PloS one. 2016; 11(6): e0157049.
4. Lekagul A, Tangcharoensathien V, Yeung S. Patterns of antibiotic use in global pig production: a systematic review. Vet Anim Sciv. 2019; 7:100058.
5. Martinez JL. Environmental pollution by antibiotics and by antibiotic resistance determinants. Environ Pollut. 2009; 157: 2893-902.
6. Díaz-Quiroz CA, Hernandez-Chavez JF, Ulloa-Mercado G, Gortáres-Moroyoqui P, Martínez-Macías R, Meza-Escalante E, et al. Simultaneous quantification of antibiotics in wastewater from pig farms by capillary electrophoresis. J Chromatogr B. 2018; 1092:386-93.
7. Marshall BM, Levy SB. Food Animals and Antimicrobials: Impacts on Human Health. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2011; 24(4): 718-33.
8. Lekagul A, Tangcharoensathien V, Mills A, Rushton J, Yeung S. How antibiotics are used in pig farming: a mixed-methods study of pig farmers, feed mills and veterinarians in Thailand. BMJ Glob Health. 2020; 5(2): e001918.
9. Diana A, Boyle LA, Leonard FC, Carroll C, Sheehan E, Murphy D, et al. Removing prophylactic antibiotics from pig feed: how does it affect their performance and health?. BMC Vet Res. 2019; 15(1): 67.
10. Dias AC, Carraro BZ, Dallanora D, Coser FJ, Machado GS, Machado IP, et al. Manual brasileiro de boas práticas agropecuárias na produção de suínos. Concórdia: Embrapa Suínos e Aves; 2011.
11. EMA Committee for Medicinal Products for Veterinary Use (CVMP) and EFSA Panel on Biological Hazards (BIOHAZ), Murphy D, Ricci A, Auce Z, Beechinor JG, Bergendahl H, ... & Hekman P. (2017). EMA and EFSA Joint Scientific Opinion on measures to reduce the need to use antimicrobial agents in animal husbandry in the European Union, and the resulting impacts on food safety (RONAFA). EFSA Journal, 15(1): e04666.
12. Meek RW, Vyas H, Piddock LJV. Nonmedical Uses of Antibiotic: Time to Restrict Their Use? Plos Biol. 2015; 13:1-11.
13. Qiu J, Zhao T, Liu Q, He J, He D, Wu G, et al. Residual veterinary antibiotics in pig excreta after oral administration of sulfonamides. Environ Geochem Hlth. 2016; 38(2): 549-56.
14. Tiedje JM, Fang WANG, Manaia CM, Virta M, Sheng H, Liping MA, et al. Antibiotic resistance genes in the human-impacted environment: A One Health perspective. Pedosphere. 2019; 29(3): 273-82.
15. Chee-sanford JC, Aminov RI, Krapac IJ, Garrigues-jeanjean N, Mackie RI. Occurrence and diversity of tetracycline resistance genes in lagoons and groundwater underlying two swine production facilities. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 2001; 67(4):1494-502.
16. Zhu D, Giles M, Yang XR, Daniell T, Neilson R, Zhu YG. Phyllosphere of staple crops under pig manure fertilization, a reservoir of antibiotic resistance genes. Environ Pollut. 2019; 252: 227-235.
17. Pruden A, Larsson DGJ, Amézquita A, Collignon P, Brandt KK, Graham DW, et al. Management Options for Reducing the Release of Antibiotics and Antibiotic Resistance Genes to the Environment. Environ Health Persp. 2013; 121(8):878-85.
18. Dalmazo GS, Bazi SM, Oliveira PAV. Biodigestores. In: Dia de Campo Suinocultura e Meio Ambiente: Termo de Compromisso de Ajustamento de Condutas da Suinocultura, Concórdia. Suinocultura e Meio Ambiente. Concórdia: Embrapa Suínos e Aves; 2009.
19. Cogliani C, Goossens H, Greko C. Restricting Antimicrobial Use in Food Animals: Lessons from Europe. Microbe. 2011; 6(6): 274-79.
20. Leonard AF, Zhang L, Balfour AJ, Garside R, Gaze HW. Human recreational exposure to antibiotic resistant bacteria in coastal bathing waters. Environ Int. 2015; 82: 92-100.
21. Woolhouse M, Ward M, Van bunnik B, Farrar J. Antimicrobial resistance in humans, livestock and the wider environment. Philos T R Soc B. 2015; 370: 1-7.
22. Callens B, Persoons D, Maes D, Laanen M, Postma M, Boyen F, et al. Prophylactic and metaphylactic antimicrobiial use in Belgian fattening pig herds. Prev Vet Med. 2012; 106: 53-62.
23. Zhu YG, Johnson TA, Su JQ, Qiao M, Guo GX, Stedtfeld RD, et al. Diverse and abundant antibiotic resistance genes in Chinese swine farms. P Natl A Sci. 2013; 110: 3435-40.
24. Dolliver H, Grupta S. Antibiotic Losses in Leaching and Surface Runoff from Manure-Amended Agricultural Land. J Environ Qual. 2008; 37: 1227-37.
25. Cheng D, Ngo HH, Guo W, Chang SW, Nguyen DD, Liu Y, et al. A critical review on antibiotics and hormones in swine wastewater: Water pollution problems and control approaches. J Hazard Mater. 2020; 387: 121682.
26. World Health Organization et al. WHO guidelines on use of medically important antimicrobials in food-producing animals: web annex A: evidence base. World Health Organization, 2017.
27. Teuber, M. Veterinary use and antibiotic resistance. Curr Opin Microbiol. 2001; 4(5): 493-99.
28. Barton MD. Impact of Antibiotic Use in the Swine Industry. Curr Opin Microbiol. 2014; 19: 9-15.
29. Garcia-Migura L, Hendriksen RS, Fraile L, Aarestrup FM. Antimicrobial resistance of zoonotic and commensal bacteria in Europe: The missing link between consumption and resistance in veterinary medicine. Vet Microbiol. 2014; 170:1-9.
30. Brasil, Ministério da Agricultura, Pecuária e Abastecimento. Instrução Normativa n. 14, de 15 de Julho de 2016. Aborda o regulamento técnico sobre os procedimentos para a fabricação e o emprego de produtos destinados à alimentação animal com medicamento de uso veterinário e os critérios para manipulação. Brasília: Diário Oficial da União; 2016.
31. Juntunen P, Heiska H, Olkkola S, Myllyniemi AL, Hännienen ML. Antimicrobial resistance in Campylobacter coli selected by tylosin treatment at a pig farm. Vet Microbiol. 2010; 146: 90-7.
32. Chiesa L, Nobile M, Arioli F, Britti D, Trutic N, Pavlovic R, et al. Determination of veterinary antibiotics in bovine urine by liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. Food Chem. 2015; 185: 7-15.
33. Brasil, Ministério da Agricultura, Pecuária e Abastecimento. Instrução Normativa n. 45, de 22 de Novembro de 2016. Dispõe sobre a proibição da substância antimicrobiana sulfato de colistina na alimentação animal. Brasília: Diário Oficial da União; 2016.
34. Brasil, Ministério da Agricultura Pecuária e Abastecimento. Portaria Nº 171, de 13 de Dezembro de 2018. Dispõe sobre a intensão de proibição de cinco antimicrobianos como melhoradores de desempenho de animais produtores de alimentos. Brasília: Diário Oficial da União; 2018.
35. Brasil, Ministério da Agricultura Pecuária e Abastecimento. Portaria Nº 110, de 23 de Maio de 2019. Dispõe sobre a proibição em território nacional a importação, fabricação e comercialização do uso de aditivos como melhoradores de desempenho que contenham tilosina, lincomina e tiamulina. Brasília: Diário Oficial da União; 2019.
36. De Boer E, Zwartkruis-nahuis JTM, Huijsdens XW, Neeling AJ, Bosch T, Van Oosterom RAA, et al. Prevalence of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in meat. Int J Food Microbiol. 2009; 134:5256.
37. Voss A, Loeffen F, Brakker J, Klaassen C, Wulf M. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in Pig Farming. Emerg Infect Dis. 2005; 11(12):1965-66.
38. Hammerum AM, Larsen J, Andersen VD, Lester CH, Skytte TSS, Hansen F, et al. Characterization of extended-spectrum βlactamase (ESBL)-producing Escherichia coli obtained from Danish pigs, farmers and their families from farms with high or no consumption of third- or fourth-generation cephalosporins. J Antimicrob Chemoth. 2014; 69: 2650-57.
39. Fournier C, Aires-de-sousa M, Nordmann P, Poirel L. Occurrence of CTX-M-15-and MCR-1-producing Enterobacterales in pigs in Portugal: Evidence of direct links with antibiotic selective pressure. Int J Antimicrob Ag. 2020; 55(2): 105802.
40. Tang KL, Caffrey NP, Nóbrega DB, Cork SC, Ronksley PE, Barkema HW, et al. Restricting the use of antibiotics in food-producing animals and its associations with antibiotic resistance in food-producing animals and human beings: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Planet Health. 2017; 1(8): e316-e327.
41. Rojo-Gimeno C, Postma M, Dewulf J, Hogeveen H, Lauwers L, Wauters E. Farm-economic analysis of reducing antimicrobial use whilst adopting improved management strategies on farrow-to-finish pig farms. Prev Vet Med. 2016; 129: 74-87.
42. Bak H, Rathkjen, PH. Reduced use of antimicrobials after vaccination of pigs against porcine proliferative enteropathy in a Danish SPF herd. Acta Vet Scand. 2009; 51(1):1.
43. Raasch S, Postma M, Dewulf J, Stärk KDC, Grosse Beilage E. Association between antimicrobial usage, biosecurity measures as well as farm performance in German farrow-to-finish farms. Porcine Health Manag. 2018; 4(1): 30.
44. Heck A. Biosseguridade na suinocultura: aspectos práticos. In: V Seminário Internacional de Aves e Suínos. Florianópolis: Anais do AveSui, Gesulli; 2005.
45. Luyckx K, Millet S, Van Weyenberg S, Herman L, Heyndrickx M, Dewulf J, et al. Comparison of competitive exclusion with classical cleaning and disinfection on bacterial load in pig nursery units. BMC Vet Res. 2016; 12(189):1-10.
46. Luyckx K, Millet S, Van Weyenberg S, Herman L, Heyndrickx M, Dewulf J, et al. A 10-day vacancy period after cleaning and disifection has no effect on the bacterial load in pig nursery units. BMC Vet Res. 2016; 12: 236.
47. Postma M, Vanderhaeghen W, Sarrazin S, Maes D, Dewulf J. Reducing Antimicrobial Usage in Pig Production without Jeopardizinhg Production Parameters. Zoonoses Public Hlth. 2017; 64: 63-74.
48. Pan L, Zhao PF, Ma XK, Shang QH, Xu YT, Long SF, et al. Probiotic supplementation protects weaned pigs against enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli K88 challenge and improves performance similar to antibiotics. J Anim Sci. 2017; 95(6): 2627-39.
49. Allen HK, Levine UY, Looft T, Bandrick M, Casey TA. Treatment, promotion, commotion: antibiotic alternative in food-producing animals. Trends Microbiol. 2013; 21(3):114-19.
50. Omonijo FA, Ni L, Gong J, Wang Q, Lahaye L, Yang C. Essential oils as alternatives to antibiotics in swine production. Anim Nutr. 2018; 4(2): 126-36.
51. Foppa L, Caldara FR, Machado SP, Moura R, Santos RKS, Nääs IA, Garcia RG. Enriquecimento ambiental e comportamento de suínos: revisão/environmental enrichment and behaviour of pigs. Rev Bras Eng Bios. 2014; 8(1): 1-7.
2. Visschers VH, Iten DM, Riklin A, Hartmann S, Sidler X, Siegrist M. Swiss pig farmers׳ perception and usage of antibiotics during the fattening period. Livest Sci. 2014; 162: 223-32.
3. Osterberg J, Wingstrand A, Nygaard JA, Kerouanton A, Cibin V, Barco L, et al. Antibiotic resistance in Escherichia coli from pigs in organic and conventional farming in four European countries. PloS one. 2016; 11(6): e0157049.
4. Lekagul A, Tangcharoensathien V, Yeung S. Patterns of antibiotic use in global pig production: a systematic review. Vet Anim Sciv. 2019; 7:100058.
5. Martinez JL. Environmental pollution by antibiotics and by antibiotic resistance determinants. Environ Pollut. 2009; 157: 2893-902.
6. Díaz-Quiroz CA, Hernandez-Chavez JF, Ulloa-Mercado G, Gortáres-Moroyoqui P, Martínez-Macías R, Meza-Escalante E, et al. Simultaneous quantification of antibiotics in wastewater from pig farms by capillary electrophoresis. J Chromatogr B. 2018; 1092:386-93.
7. Marshall BM, Levy SB. Food Animals and Antimicrobials: Impacts on Human Health. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2011; 24(4): 718-33.
8. Lekagul A, Tangcharoensathien V, Mills A, Rushton J, Yeung S. How antibiotics are used in pig farming: a mixed-methods study of pig farmers, feed mills and veterinarians in Thailand. BMJ Glob Health. 2020; 5(2): e001918.
9. Diana A, Boyle LA, Leonard FC, Carroll C, Sheehan E, Murphy D, et al. Removing prophylactic antibiotics from pig feed: how does it affect their performance and health?. BMC Vet Res. 2019; 15(1): 67.
10. Dias AC, Carraro BZ, Dallanora D, Coser FJ, Machado GS, Machado IP, et al. Manual brasileiro de boas práticas agropecuárias na produção de suínos. Concórdia: Embrapa Suínos e Aves; 2011.
11. EMA Committee for Medicinal Products for Veterinary Use (CVMP) and EFSA Panel on Biological Hazards (BIOHAZ), Murphy D, Ricci A, Auce Z, Beechinor JG, Bergendahl H, ... & Hekman P. (2017). EMA and EFSA Joint Scientific Opinion on measures to reduce the need to use antimicrobial agents in animal husbandry in the European Union, and the resulting impacts on food safety (RONAFA). EFSA Journal, 15(1): e04666.
12. Meek RW, Vyas H, Piddock LJV. Nonmedical Uses of Antibiotic: Time to Restrict Their Use? Plos Biol. 2015; 13:1-11.
13. Qiu J, Zhao T, Liu Q, He J, He D, Wu G, et al. Residual veterinary antibiotics in pig excreta after oral administration of sulfonamides. Environ Geochem Hlth. 2016; 38(2): 549-56.
14. Tiedje JM, Fang WANG, Manaia CM, Virta M, Sheng H, Liping MA, et al. Antibiotic resistance genes in the human-impacted environment: A One Health perspective. Pedosphere. 2019; 29(3): 273-82.
15. Chee-sanford JC, Aminov RI, Krapac IJ, Garrigues-jeanjean N, Mackie RI. Occurrence and diversity of tetracycline resistance genes in lagoons and groundwater underlying two swine production facilities. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 2001; 67(4):1494-502.
16. Zhu D, Giles M, Yang XR, Daniell T, Neilson R, Zhu YG. Phyllosphere of staple crops under pig manure fertilization, a reservoir of antibiotic resistance genes. Environ Pollut. 2019; 252: 227-235.
17. Pruden A, Larsson DGJ, Amézquita A, Collignon P, Brandt KK, Graham DW, et al. Management Options for Reducing the Release of Antibiotics and Antibiotic Resistance Genes to the Environment. Environ Health Persp. 2013; 121(8):878-85.
18. Dalmazo GS, Bazi SM, Oliveira PAV. Biodigestores. In: Dia de Campo Suinocultura e Meio Ambiente: Termo de Compromisso de Ajustamento de Condutas da Suinocultura, Concórdia. Suinocultura e Meio Ambiente. Concórdia: Embrapa Suínos e Aves; 2009.
19. Cogliani C, Goossens H, Greko C. Restricting Antimicrobial Use in Food Animals: Lessons from Europe. Microbe. 2011; 6(6): 274-79.
20. Leonard AF, Zhang L, Balfour AJ, Garside R, Gaze HW. Human recreational exposure to antibiotic resistant bacteria in coastal bathing waters. Environ Int. 2015; 82: 92-100.
21. Woolhouse M, Ward M, Van bunnik B, Farrar J. Antimicrobial resistance in humans, livestock and the wider environment. Philos T R Soc B. 2015; 370: 1-7.
22. Callens B, Persoons D, Maes D, Laanen M, Postma M, Boyen F, et al. Prophylactic and metaphylactic antimicrobiial use in Belgian fattening pig herds. Prev Vet Med. 2012; 106: 53-62.
23. Zhu YG, Johnson TA, Su JQ, Qiao M, Guo GX, Stedtfeld RD, et al. Diverse and abundant antibiotic resistance genes in Chinese swine farms. P Natl A Sci. 2013; 110: 3435-40.
24. Dolliver H, Grupta S. Antibiotic Losses in Leaching and Surface Runoff from Manure-Amended Agricultural Land. J Environ Qual. 2008; 37: 1227-37.
25. Cheng D, Ngo HH, Guo W, Chang SW, Nguyen DD, Liu Y, et al. A critical review on antibiotics and hormones in swine wastewater: Water pollution problems and control approaches. J Hazard Mater. 2020; 387: 121682.
26. World Health Organization et al. WHO guidelines on use of medically important antimicrobials in food-producing animals: web annex A: evidence base. World Health Organization, 2017.
27. Teuber, M. Veterinary use and antibiotic resistance. Curr Opin Microbiol. 2001; 4(5): 493-99.
28. Barton MD. Impact of Antibiotic Use in the Swine Industry. Curr Opin Microbiol. 2014; 19: 9-15.
29. Garcia-Migura L, Hendriksen RS, Fraile L, Aarestrup FM. Antimicrobial resistance of zoonotic and commensal bacteria in Europe: The missing link between consumption and resistance in veterinary medicine. Vet Microbiol. 2014; 170:1-9.
30. Brasil, Ministério da Agricultura, Pecuária e Abastecimento. Instrução Normativa n. 14, de 15 de Julho de 2016. Aborda o regulamento técnico sobre os procedimentos para a fabricação e o emprego de produtos destinados à alimentação animal com medicamento de uso veterinário e os critérios para manipulação. Brasília: Diário Oficial da União; 2016.
31. Juntunen P, Heiska H, Olkkola S, Myllyniemi AL, Hännienen ML. Antimicrobial resistance in Campylobacter coli selected by tylosin treatment at a pig farm. Vet Microbiol. 2010; 146: 90-7.
32. Chiesa L, Nobile M, Arioli F, Britti D, Trutic N, Pavlovic R, et al. Determination of veterinary antibiotics in bovine urine by liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. Food Chem. 2015; 185: 7-15.
33. Brasil, Ministério da Agricultura, Pecuária e Abastecimento. Instrução Normativa n. 45, de 22 de Novembro de 2016. Dispõe sobre a proibição da substância antimicrobiana sulfato de colistina na alimentação animal. Brasília: Diário Oficial da União; 2016.
34. Brasil, Ministério da Agricultura Pecuária e Abastecimento. Portaria Nº 171, de 13 de Dezembro de 2018. Dispõe sobre a intensão de proibição de cinco antimicrobianos como melhoradores de desempenho de animais produtores de alimentos. Brasília: Diário Oficial da União; 2018.
35. Brasil, Ministério da Agricultura Pecuária e Abastecimento. Portaria Nº 110, de 23 de Maio de 2019. Dispõe sobre a proibição em território nacional a importação, fabricação e comercialização do uso de aditivos como melhoradores de desempenho que contenham tilosina, lincomina e tiamulina. Brasília: Diário Oficial da União; 2019.
36. De Boer E, Zwartkruis-nahuis JTM, Huijsdens XW, Neeling AJ, Bosch T, Van Oosterom RAA, et al. Prevalence of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in meat. Int J Food Microbiol. 2009; 134:5256.
37. Voss A, Loeffen F, Brakker J, Klaassen C, Wulf M. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in Pig Farming. Emerg Infect Dis. 2005; 11(12):1965-66.
38. Hammerum AM, Larsen J, Andersen VD, Lester CH, Skytte TSS, Hansen F, et al. Characterization of extended-spectrum βlactamase (ESBL)-producing Escherichia coli obtained from Danish pigs, farmers and their families from farms with high or no consumption of third- or fourth-generation cephalosporins. J Antimicrob Chemoth. 2014; 69: 2650-57.
39. Fournier C, Aires-de-sousa M, Nordmann P, Poirel L. Occurrence of CTX-M-15-and MCR-1-producing Enterobacterales in pigs in Portugal: Evidence of direct links with antibiotic selective pressure. Int J Antimicrob Ag. 2020; 55(2): 105802.
40. Tang KL, Caffrey NP, Nóbrega DB, Cork SC, Ronksley PE, Barkema HW, et al. Restricting the use of antibiotics in food-producing animals and its associations with antibiotic resistance in food-producing animals and human beings: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Planet Health. 2017; 1(8): e316-e327.
41. Rojo-Gimeno C, Postma M, Dewulf J, Hogeveen H, Lauwers L, Wauters E. Farm-economic analysis of reducing antimicrobial use whilst adopting improved management strategies on farrow-to-finish pig farms. Prev Vet Med. 2016; 129: 74-87.
42. Bak H, Rathkjen, PH. Reduced use of antimicrobials after vaccination of pigs against porcine proliferative enteropathy in a Danish SPF herd. Acta Vet Scand. 2009; 51(1):1.
43. Raasch S, Postma M, Dewulf J, Stärk KDC, Grosse Beilage E. Association between antimicrobial usage, biosecurity measures as well as farm performance in German farrow-to-finish farms. Porcine Health Manag. 2018; 4(1): 30.
44. Heck A. Biosseguridade na suinocultura: aspectos práticos. In: V Seminário Internacional de Aves e Suínos. Florianópolis: Anais do AveSui, Gesulli; 2005.
45. Luyckx K, Millet S, Van Weyenberg S, Herman L, Heyndrickx M, Dewulf J, et al. Comparison of competitive exclusion with classical cleaning and disinfection on bacterial load in pig nursery units. BMC Vet Res. 2016; 12(189):1-10.
46. Luyckx K, Millet S, Van Weyenberg S, Herman L, Heyndrickx M, Dewulf J, et al. A 10-day vacancy period after cleaning and disifection has no effect on the bacterial load in pig nursery units. BMC Vet Res. 2016; 12: 236.
47. Postma M, Vanderhaeghen W, Sarrazin S, Maes D, Dewulf J. Reducing Antimicrobial Usage in Pig Production without Jeopardizinhg Production Parameters. Zoonoses Public Hlth. 2017; 64: 63-74.
48. Pan L, Zhao PF, Ma XK, Shang QH, Xu YT, Long SF, et al. Probiotic supplementation protects weaned pigs against enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli K88 challenge and improves performance similar to antibiotics. J Anim Sci. 2017; 95(6): 2627-39.
49. Allen HK, Levine UY, Looft T, Bandrick M, Casey TA. Treatment, promotion, commotion: antibiotic alternative in food-producing animals. Trends Microbiol. 2013; 21(3):114-19.
50. Omonijo FA, Ni L, Gong J, Wang Q, Lahaye L, Yang C. Essential oils as alternatives to antibiotics in swine production. Anim Nutr. 2018; 4(2): 126-36.
51. Foppa L, Caldara FR, Machado SP, Moura R, Santos RKS, Nääs IA, Garcia RG. Enriquecimento ambiental e comportamento de suínos: revisão/environmental enrichment and behaviour of pigs. Rev Bras Eng Bios. 2014; 8(1): 1-7.
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Publicado
2020-11-25
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Stella AE, Oliveira AF de, Moreira CN, Viali KG. USO DE ANTIMICROBIANOS NA SUINOCULTURA: INDICAÇÕES E RESTRIÇÕES. RVZ [Internet]. 25º de novembro de 2020 [citado 21º de novembro de 2024];27:1-14. Disponível em: https://rvz.emnuvens.com.br/rvz/article/view/492
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