SEMINAL VESICULITIS IN STALLIONS
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.35172/rvz.2020.v27.378Keywords:
equine, infection, seminal vesicleAbstract
Stallions have a complete set of accessory sex glands, composed of the bulbourethral, prostate gland, seminal vesicles and ampullae. Among the conditions that affect these structures, seminal vesiculitis is the most common, consisting the colonization of one or both vesicles by bacteria, whose Pseudomonas aeruginosa is the most frequent. In ejaculate, a large percentage of neutrophils and, eventually, red blood cells may be present, characterizing piospermia and hemospermia, respectively. The definitive diagnosis is made through the transurethral endoscopy evaluation of the seminal vesicles, where it is possible to visualize the purulent content, associated to gland lavage and bacterial culture. Treatment is challenging because antibiotic therapy has low efficacy, with a high relapse rate.
References
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2. Baumber JVOA, Sabeur K, Ball BA. Generation of reactive oxygen species by equine neutrophils and their effect on motility of equine spermatozoa. Theriogenology. 2002;57:1025-1033.
3. Varner DD, Schumacher J. Abnormalities of the accessory sex glands. In: McKinnon AO, Squires EL, Vaala WE, Varner DD. Equine reproduction. 2ed. United Kingdom: Wiley-Blackwell, 2011. p.867-880.
4. Fennel LC, McKinnon AO, Savage CJ. Cryopreservation of semen from a stallion with seminal vesiculitis. Equine Vet Education. 2010;22:215-219, 2010.
5. Miragaya MH, Pinto MR, Neild DM. Muestreo y lavage de glândulas vesiculares en el padrillo. In: II Congresso n Equine Reproduction, 2011. p.71-72.
6. Tibary A. Endoscopy of the reproductive tract in the stallion. In: Samper JC, Pycock JF, McKinnon AO. Current Therapy in Equine Reproduction. Philadelphia: Saunders, 2007. p.214-219.
7. Hafez ESSE, Hafez B. Reprodução animal. 7.ed. São Paulo: Manole, 2004.
8. Kareskoski M, Katila T. Components of stallion seminal plasma and the effects of seminal plasma on sperm longevity. Anim Reprod Sci. 2008;107:249-256.
9. Monteiro GA. Ultrassonografia aplicada ao exame andrológico em garanhões. Revista Brasileira de Reprodução Animal. 2017;41:157-168.
10. Ball BA. Diagnostic methods for evaluation of stallion subfertility: A Review. J Equine Vet Sci. 2008;28:650-655.
11. Chenier TS. Anatomy and physical examination of the stallion, In: Samper JC. Equine Breeding Management and Artificial Insemination. 2nd ed. Philadelphia: Saunders, 2009. p.1-16.
12. Blanchard TL, Varner DD, Bretzlaff KN. Seminal vesiculitis. In: Smith BP. Large animal internal medicine. 2nd ed. St. Louis: Mosby, 2001. p.1574-1575.
13. Bacha WJ, Bacha LM. Atlas colorido de histologia veterinária. 2.ed. São Paulo: Roca; 2003.
14. Scheeren VFC, Gobato MLM, Papa PM, Cavalero TMS, Canuto LEF, Rodrigues LT, Bandeira RS, Watanabe MJ, Rocha NS, Alvarenga MA, Papa FO. The use of endoscopic biopsy to compare histological finds of stallions with and without seminal vesiculitis. J Equine Vet Sci. 2018;66:50.
15. Weber JA, Woods GL. Transrectal ultrasonography for the evaluation of stallion accessory sex glands. Vet Clinics of North America: Equine Pract. 1993;8:183-190.
16. Pozor MA, McDonnell SM. Ultrasonographic measurements of accessory sex glands, ampullae, and urethra of normal stallions of various size types. Theriogenology. 2002;58:1425-1423.
17. Turner RMO. How to Perform an Examination of the Internal Reproductive Tract of the Stallion. In: Proceedings of the AAEP Annual Convention, 2014. p.294-301.
18. Monteiro GA, Guasti PN, Melo CM, Martin JC, DellAqua Junior JA, Alvarenga MA, Mazieiro RRD, Avanzi BR, Papa FO. Comparison Between Cryopreservation of Stallion Semen Obtained From Ejaculate and Epididymis cauda In: 11th Congress of the World Equine Veterinary Association - WEVA, 2009. p.297.
19. Kareskoski M. Components of fractionated stallion seminal plasma and the effects of seminal plasma on sperm longevity [PhD thesis]. Finland: Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki; 2011.
20. Mancill, S.S. Clinical and sub-clinical seminal vesiculitis in the stallion. Equine Vet Education. 2010;22:220-222.
21. Troedsson MHT, Doty A, Macpherson ML, Connor MC, Verstegen JP, Pozor MA, Buhi WC. CRISP-3 in equine seminal plasma is involved in selective uterine sperm transport. Anim Reprod Sci. 2010;121:192-193.
22. Tibary A, Rodriguez JS, Samper JC. Microbiology and Diseases of Semen. In: Samper JC. Equine Breeding Management and Artificial Insemination. 2nd ed. Philadelphia: Saunders, 2009. p.99-112.
23. Tibary A, Rodriguez JS. Causas e Manejo de lãs subfertilidad em padrillos. In: II Congresso on Equine Reproduction, 2011. p.55-69.
24. Sancler-Silva YFR. Efeito do tratamento local de vesiculite seminal sobre a qualidade e longevidade do sêmen equino [dissertação]. Botucatu: Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade Estadual Paulista; 2014.
25. Rota A, Calicchio E, Nardoni S, Fratini F, Ebani VV, Sgorbini M, Panzani D, Camillo F, Mancianti F. Presence and distribution of fungi and bacteria in the reproductive tract of healthy stallions. Theriogenology. 2011;76464–470.
26. Pickett BW, Voss JL, Jones RL. Control of bacteria in stallions and their semen. J Equine Vet Sci. 1999;19:424-469.
27. Edwars JF. Pathologic conditions of the stallion reproductive tract. Anim Reprod Sci. 2008;107:p.197–207.
28. Bowen JM, Tobin N, Simpson RB, Ley WB, Ansari MM. Effects of washing on the bacterial flora of the stallion’s penis. J Reprod Fertility Suppl. 1982;32:41–45.
29. Lu KG, Morresey PP. Reproductive tract infections in horses. Vet Clinics Equine Pract. 2006;22:519–552.
30. Samper J, Tibary A. Disease transmission in horses. Theriogenology. 2006;66:551-559.
31. Pinto MR, Neild DM, Benegas D, Vieyra DH, Miragaya MH. Successful treatment of seminal vesiculitis with imipenem-cilastatin in a stallion. J Equine Vet Sci. 2014;34:544-548.
32. Blanchard TL, Varner DD, Hurtgen JP, Love CC, Cummings MR, Strezmienski PJ, Benson C, Kenny RM. Bilateral seminal vesiculitis and ampullitis in a stallion. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 1988;192:525–526.
33. Malmgren L, Sussemilch BI. Ultrasonography as a diagnostic tool in a stallion with seminal vesiculitis: A case report. Theriogenology. 1992;37:935-938.
34. Vignera S, Vicari E, Condorelli RA, D’Agata R, Calogero DAE. Male accessory gland infection and sperm parameters (review). Int J Androl. 2011;34:330–347.
35. Kariminik A, Baseri-salehi M, Kheirkhah B. Pseudomonas aeruginosa quorum sensing modulates immune responses: an update review article. Immunology Letters. 2017;190:1-6.
36. He J, Jia X, Yang S, Xu X, Sun K, Li C, Yang T, Zhang L. Heteroresistance to carbapenems in invasive Pseudomonas aeruginosa infections. Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2018;51:413-421.
37. Stoesser N, Batty EM, Eyre DW, Morgan M, Wyllie DH, Del Ojo Elias C, Johnson JR, Walker AS, Peto TEA, Crook W. Predicting antimicrobial susceptibilities for Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates using whole genomic sequence data. J Antimicrobial Chemotherapy. 2013;68:2234–2244.
38. Pearson LK, Campbell AJ, Tibary A. How to diagnose and treat hemospermia: a review and case series. In: Proceedings of the AAEP Annual Convention, 2013. p.40-50.
39. Freestone JF, Paccamonti DL, Eilts BE, McClure JJ, Swiderski CE, Causey RC. Seminal vesiculitis as a cause of signs of colic in a stallion. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 1993;15:556-557.
40. McDonnel SM. Practical review of self-mutilation in horses. Anim Reprod Sci. 2008;107:219-228.
41. Varner DD. Approaches to breeding soundness examination and interpretations of results. J Equine Vet Sci. 2016;43:37-44.
42. Oliveira SN, Araujo EAB, Silva LFMC, Dalanezi FM, Papa PM, Pinto BM, Andrade Jr LRP, Papa FO. Colheita fracionada e seus principais benefícios na criopreservação do sêmen de garanhões. Veterinária e Zootecnia. 2017;24:435-443.
43. Brinsko SP, Blanchard TL, Varner DD, Schumacher J, Love CC, Hinrichs K, Hartman D. Manual of Equine Reproduction. 3rd ed. Mosby; 2011.
44. Pozor MA. Diagnostic applications of ultrasonography to stallion’s reproductive tract. Theriogenology. 2005;64:505–509.
45. Varner DD. How to perform urethral endoscopy in the stallion for diagnostic purposes. In: Proceedings of the AAEP Annual Convention, 2014. p.309-315.
46. Wagenlehner FME, Weidner W, Sorgel F, Naber KG. The role of antibiotics in chronic bacterial prostatitis. Int J Antimicrobial Agents. 2005;26:1-7.
47. Blanchard TL, Woods JA, Brinsko SP, Varner DD, Boothe DM. Theriogenology question of the month. Treatment options for erosive seminal vesiculitis caused by Acinetobacter calcoaceticus. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2002;15:221-226.
48. Gay Y, Perrin R. Deux cas d étalons présentant une vésiculite, Practice Vet Equine. 1999;31:p.57-60.
49. Klug E, Deegen E, Liesk R, Freytag K, Martin JC, Gunzel AR, Bader H. The effect of vesiculectomy on seminal characteristics in the stallion. J Reprod Fertility Suppl. 1979;27:61-66.
50. Deegen E, Klug E, Lieske R. Surgical treatment of chronic purulent seminal vesiculitis in the stallion. DtsheTierarztl Wochensch. 1979;86:140-144.
51. Comerford KL, Voge JL, Love CC, Varner DD. Epididymitis, ampullitis and periorchitis due to an ascending seminal vesiculitis caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa in as stallion. Clinical Theriogenology. 2011;3:366.
2. Baumber JVOA, Sabeur K, Ball BA. Generation of reactive oxygen species by equine neutrophils and their effect on motility of equine spermatozoa. Theriogenology. 2002;57:1025-1033.
3. Varner DD, Schumacher J. Abnormalities of the accessory sex glands. In: McKinnon AO, Squires EL, Vaala WE, Varner DD. Equine reproduction. 2ed. United Kingdom: Wiley-Blackwell, 2011. p.867-880.
4. Fennel LC, McKinnon AO, Savage CJ. Cryopreservation of semen from a stallion with seminal vesiculitis. Equine Vet Education. 2010;22:215-219, 2010.
5. Miragaya MH, Pinto MR, Neild DM. Muestreo y lavage de glândulas vesiculares en el padrillo. In: II Congresso n Equine Reproduction, 2011. p.71-72.
6. Tibary A. Endoscopy of the reproductive tract in the stallion. In: Samper JC, Pycock JF, McKinnon AO. Current Therapy in Equine Reproduction. Philadelphia: Saunders, 2007. p.214-219.
7. Hafez ESSE, Hafez B. Reprodução animal. 7.ed. São Paulo: Manole, 2004.
8. Kareskoski M, Katila T. Components of stallion seminal plasma and the effects of seminal plasma on sperm longevity. Anim Reprod Sci. 2008;107:249-256.
9. Monteiro GA. Ultrassonografia aplicada ao exame andrológico em garanhões. Revista Brasileira de Reprodução Animal. 2017;41:157-168.
10. Ball BA. Diagnostic methods for evaluation of stallion subfertility: A Review. J Equine Vet Sci. 2008;28:650-655.
11. Chenier TS. Anatomy and physical examination of the stallion, In: Samper JC. Equine Breeding Management and Artificial Insemination. 2nd ed. Philadelphia: Saunders, 2009. p.1-16.
12. Blanchard TL, Varner DD, Bretzlaff KN. Seminal vesiculitis. In: Smith BP. Large animal internal medicine. 2nd ed. St. Louis: Mosby, 2001. p.1574-1575.
13. Bacha WJ, Bacha LM. Atlas colorido de histologia veterinária. 2.ed. São Paulo: Roca; 2003.
14. Scheeren VFC, Gobato MLM, Papa PM, Cavalero TMS, Canuto LEF, Rodrigues LT, Bandeira RS, Watanabe MJ, Rocha NS, Alvarenga MA, Papa FO. The use of endoscopic biopsy to compare histological finds of stallions with and without seminal vesiculitis. J Equine Vet Sci. 2018;66:50.
15. Weber JA, Woods GL. Transrectal ultrasonography for the evaluation of stallion accessory sex glands. Vet Clinics of North America: Equine Pract. 1993;8:183-190.
16. Pozor MA, McDonnell SM. Ultrasonographic measurements of accessory sex glands, ampullae, and urethra of normal stallions of various size types. Theriogenology. 2002;58:1425-1423.
17. Turner RMO. How to Perform an Examination of the Internal Reproductive Tract of the Stallion. In: Proceedings of the AAEP Annual Convention, 2014. p.294-301.
18. Monteiro GA, Guasti PN, Melo CM, Martin JC, DellAqua Junior JA, Alvarenga MA, Mazieiro RRD, Avanzi BR, Papa FO. Comparison Between Cryopreservation of Stallion Semen Obtained From Ejaculate and Epididymis cauda In: 11th Congress of the World Equine Veterinary Association - WEVA, 2009. p.297.
19. Kareskoski M. Components of fractionated stallion seminal plasma and the effects of seminal plasma on sperm longevity [PhD thesis]. Finland: Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki; 2011.
20. Mancill, S.S. Clinical and sub-clinical seminal vesiculitis in the stallion. Equine Vet Education. 2010;22:220-222.
21. Troedsson MHT, Doty A, Macpherson ML, Connor MC, Verstegen JP, Pozor MA, Buhi WC. CRISP-3 in equine seminal plasma is involved in selective uterine sperm transport. Anim Reprod Sci. 2010;121:192-193.
22. Tibary A, Rodriguez JS, Samper JC. Microbiology and Diseases of Semen. In: Samper JC. Equine Breeding Management and Artificial Insemination. 2nd ed. Philadelphia: Saunders, 2009. p.99-112.
23. Tibary A, Rodriguez JS. Causas e Manejo de lãs subfertilidad em padrillos. In: II Congresso on Equine Reproduction, 2011. p.55-69.
24. Sancler-Silva YFR. Efeito do tratamento local de vesiculite seminal sobre a qualidade e longevidade do sêmen equino [dissertação]. Botucatu: Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade Estadual Paulista; 2014.
25. Rota A, Calicchio E, Nardoni S, Fratini F, Ebani VV, Sgorbini M, Panzani D, Camillo F, Mancianti F. Presence and distribution of fungi and bacteria in the reproductive tract of healthy stallions. Theriogenology. 2011;76464–470.
26. Pickett BW, Voss JL, Jones RL. Control of bacteria in stallions and their semen. J Equine Vet Sci. 1999;19:424-469.
27. Edwars JF. Pathologic conditions of the stallion reproductive tract. Anim Reprod Sci. 2008;107:p.197–207.
28. Bowen JM, Tobin N, Simpson RB, Ley WB, Ansari MM. Effects of washing on the bacterial flora of the stallion’s penis. J Reprod Fertility Suppl. 1982;32:41–45.
29. Lu KG, Morresey PP. Reproductive tract infections in horses. Vet Clinics Equine Pract. 2006;22:519–552.
30. Samper J, Tibary A. Disease transmission in horses. Theriogenology. 2006;66:551-559.
31. Pinto MR, Neild DM, Benegas D, Vieyra DH, Miragaya MH. Successful treatment of seminal vesiculitis with imipenem-cilastatin in a stallion. J Equine Vet Sci. 2014;34:544-548.
32. Blanchard TL, Varner DD, Hurtgen JP, Love CC, Cummings MR, Strezmienski PJ, Benson C, Kenny RM. Bilateral seminal vesiculitis and ampullitis in a stallion. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 1988;192:525–526.
33. Malmgren L, Sussemilch BI. Ultrasonography as a diagnostic tool in a stallion with seminal vesiculitis: A case report. Theriogenology. 1992;37:935-938.
34. Vignera S, Vicari E, Condorelli RA, D’Agata R, Calogero DAE. Male accessory gland infection and sperm parameters (review). Int J Androl. 2011;34:330–347.
35. Kariminik A, Baseri-salehi M, Kheirkhah B. Pseudomonas aeruginosa quorum sensing modulates immune responses: an update review article. Immunology Letters. 2017;190:1-6.
36. He J, Jia X, Yang S, Xu X, Sun K, Li C, Yang T, Zhang L. Heteroresistance to carbapenems in invasive Pseudomonas aeruginosa infections. Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2018;51:413-421.
37. Stoesser N, Batty EM, Eyre DW, Morgan M, Wyllie DH, Del Ojo Elias C, Johnson JR, Walker AS, Peto TEA, Crook W. Predicting antimicrobial susceptibilities for Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates using whole genomic sequence data. J Antimicrobial Chemotherapy. 2013;68:2234–2244.
38. Pearson LK, Campbell AJ, Tibary A. How to diagnose and treat hemospermia: a review and case series. In: Proceedings of the AAEP Annual Convention, 2013. p.40-50.
39. Freestone JF, Paccamonti DL, Eilts BE, McClure JJ, Swiderski CE, Causey RC. Seminal vesiculitis as a cause of signs of colic in a stallion. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 1993;15:556-557.
40. McDonnel SM. Practical review of self-mutilation in horses. Anim Reprod Sci. 2008;107:219-228.
41. Varner DD. Approaches to breeding soundness examination and interpretations of results. J Equine Vet Sci. 2016;43:37-44.
42. Oliveira SN, Araujo EAB, Silva LFMC, Dalanezi FM, Papa PM, Pinto BM, Andrade Jr LRP, Papa FO. Colheita fracionada e seus principais benefícios na criopreservação do sêmen de garanhões. Veterinária e Zootecnia. 2017;24:435-443.
43. Brinsko SP, Blanchard TL, Varner DD, Schumacher J, Love CC, Hinrichs K, Hartman D. Manual of Equine Reproduction. 3rd ed. Mosby; 2011.
44. Pozor MA. Diagnostic applications of ultrasonography to stallion’s reproductive tract. Theriogenology. 2005;64:505–509.
45. Varner DD. How to perform urethral endoscopy in the stallion for diagnostic purposes. In: Proceedings of the AAEP Annual Convention, 2014. p.309-315.
46. Wagenlehner FME, Weidner W, Sorgel F, Naber KG. The role of antibiotics in chronic bacterial prostatitis. Int J Antimicrobial Agents. 2005;26:1-7.
47. Blanchard TL, Woods JA, Brinsko SP, Varner DD, Boothe DM. Theriogenology question of the month. Treatment options for erosive seminal vesiculitis caused by Acinetobacter calcoaceticus. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2002;15:221-226.
48. Gay Y, Perrin R. Deux cas d étalons présentant une vésiculite, Practice Vet Equine. 1999;31:p.57-60.
49. Klug E, Deegen E, Liesk R, Freytag K, Martin JC, Gunzel AR, Bader H. The effect of vesiculectomy on seminal characteristics in the stallion. J Reprod Fertility Suppl. 1979;27:61-66.
50. Deegen E, Klug E, Lieske R. Surgical treatment of chronic purulent seminal vesiculitis in the stallion. DtsheTierarztl Wochensch. 1979;86:140-144.
51. Comerford KL, Voge JL, Love CC, Varner DD. Epididymitis, ampullitis and periorchitis due to an ascending seminal vesiculitis caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa in as stallion. Clinical Theriogenology. 2011;3:366.
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2020-12-02
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Scheeren VF da C, Cavalero TMS, Gobato MLM, Canuto LEF, Papa FO. SEMINAL VESICULITIS IN STALLIONS. RVZ [Internet]. 2020 Dec. 2 [cited 2024 Nov. 23];27:1-12. Available from: https://rvz.emnuvens.com.br/rvz/article/view/378
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