OBESITY IN FELINES DOMESTIC: RISK FACTORS, CLINICAL, METABOLIC IMPACTS, DIAGNOSIS AND TREATMENT
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.35172/rvz.2021.v28.591Keywords:
Felinos, excesso de peso, má condição corporal, perda de peso, qualidade de vidaAbstract
O aumento da composição corporal pode promover alterações metabólicas e locomotoras, além de diminuir a expectativa de vida dos animais. Desse modo, o objetivo deste artigo é fornecer informações sobre a obesidade, elucidar os fatores de risco, diagnóstico, tratamento, assim como, ressaltar maneiras de enriquecimento ambiental e prevenção da obesidade. A obesidade possui origem multifatorial e pode contribuir para o surgimento de comorbidades. O diagnóstico baseia-se na avaliação nutricional e na identificação do grau de obesidade. Para isso existem algumas técnicas, como avaliação do peso, classificação do escore de condição corporal (ECC), índice de massa magra (IMM), raios-x de dupla energia (DEXA), tomografia computadorizada, ressonância magnética e em métodos que auxiliam a estimar o índice de massa corporal dos felinos e o percentual de gordura. O tratamento consiste no planejamento nutricional, para isso deve-se realizado a troca de dieta para um alimento para perda de peso com densidade energética reduzida, baixo teor de gorduras e alto teor de proteínas e fibras. É fundamental que haja o retorno quinzenal ou mensal do paciente para a verificação da velocidade de perda e caso seja necessário realizar ajustes na dieta. Acrescido a dieta é essencial a introdução de enriquecimento ambiental para aumentar a atividade física. Diante do exposto, é de grande importância realizar o tratamento para obesidade, além de conscientizar os tutores sobre o correto manejo ambiental e nutricional, a fim de promover qualidade de vida a esses animais.
References
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2. Mentzel RE. Desenvolvimento filogenético do felino doméstico. In: FARACO, C.B.; SOARES, G.M. Fundamentos do comportamento canino e felino. São Paulo: Ed. Medvep, 2013.
3. Abinpet. Associação Brasileira da indústria de produtos para animais de estimação. 2019. Available from: < http://abinpet.org.br/mercado/>.
4. Isfm, Aafp. AAFP and ISFM Feline Environmental Needs Guidelines. Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery. 2013; 15(3):219-230.
5. Hamper B, Bartges J, Kirk C, Witzel A , Murphy M, Raditic D. As necessidades nutricionais únicas do gato – Um carnívoro estrito. In: LITTLE, S. E. O gato- medicina interna. Rio de Janeiro: Roca, 1 edição. 2016.
6. National Research Council. Nutrient Requirements of Dogs and Cats. DC: The National Academy Press: 1st Edition (July 1, 2006), Washington, 2006.
7. Laflamme, D. P. Obesity in dogs and cats: What is wrong with being fat? Journal of Animal Science. 2012; 90 (5): 1653-1662.
8. Murphy, M. Obesity Treatment. Veterinary clinics of north America: small animal practice. 2016; 46 (5):883-898.
9. Mendes-júnior AF, Passos CB, Gáleas MAV, Secchin MC, Aptekmann KP. Prevalência e fatores de risco da obesidade felina em Alegre-ES, Brasil. Semina: Ciências Agrárias, Londrina. 2013; 34 (4):1801-1806.
10. Alves RS, Barbosa RCC, Gheren MW, Silva LE, Souza HJM. Frequência e fatores de risco da obesidade em uma população de gatos domésticos no Rio de Janeiro. Brazilian Journal of Veterinary Medicine. 2017; 39 (1):22-45.
11. Okada Y, Ueno H, Mizorogi T, Ohara K, Kawasumi K, Arai T. Diagnostic criteria for obesity disease in cats. Frontiers in Veterinary Science. 2019; 6(284): 1-5.
12. Fabretti AK, Gomes LA, Kemper DAG, Chaves RO, Kemper B, Pereira PM. Clinical determination of the nutritional status of companion animals. Semina: Ciências Agrárias, Londrina. 2020; 41 (5):1813-1830.
13. Guimarães, ALN, Tudury, EA. Etiologias, conseqüências e tratamentos de obesidades em cães e gatos–revisão. Veterinária Notícias. 2006; 12 (1):29-41.
14. Dodson MV, Hausman GJ, Guan L, Du M, Rasmussen T P, Poulos SP, Mir P, Bergen WG, Fernyhough ME, Mcfarland DC, Rhoads RP, Soret B, Reecy JM, Velleman SG, Jiang Z. Lipid metabolism, adipocyte depot physiology and utilization of meat animals as experimental models for metabolic research. International Journal of Biological Sciences. 2010; 6 (7): 691-699.
15. Lacerda MS, Malheiros GC, Abreu AOW. Tecido adiposo, uma nova visão: as adipocinas e seu papel endócrino. Revista científica da faculdade de medicina. 2016;11 (2): 25-31.
16. Fonseca-alaniz MH, Takada J, Alonso-vale MI, Lima FB. O tecido adiposo como centro regulador do metabolismo. Arquivos Brasileiros de Endocrinologia & metabologia. 2006; 50 (2):216-229.
17. Chaves GV, Mendes MLR, Jacob FRC, Alves SN. A obesidade no gato doméstico – revisão de literatura. Revista clínica veterinária. 2018; 23 (134): 32-46.
18. Zak A, Siwinska N, Elzinga S, Barker VD, Stefaniak T, Schanbacher BJ, Place NJ, Niedzwiedz A, Adams AA. Effects of equine metabolic syndrome on inflamation and acute-phase markers in horses. Domestical Animal Endocrinology. 2020; 72: 1-8.
19. Pöppl A G, Hummel J, Vicente G. Obesidade e Alterações Endócrinas. In: Jennifer Hummel, Gustavo Vicente. (Org.). Tratado de Fisioterapia e Fisiatria de Pequenos Animais. 1ed.São Paulo: Paya. 2018.
20. German AJ, Holden SL, Morris PJ, Biourge V. Comparison of a bioimpedance monitor with dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry for noninvasive estimation of percentage body fat in dogs. American Journal of Veterinary Research. 2010; 71 (4): 393–398.
21. Barbosa RCC, Botelho CFM, Alves RS, Souza HJM. Comparação do índice de massa corporal felino com a concentração plasmática de leptina e escore de condição corporal para o diagnóstico de obesidade em gatos domésticos. Revista Acta scientiaeveterinarie. 2018; 46 (1):1-6.
22. Prado WL, Lofrano MC, Oyama LM, Dâmaso AR. Obesidade e adipocinas inflamatórias: implicações práticas para a prescrição do exercício. Revista brasileira de medicina do esporte. 2009; 15 (5): 378-383.
23. Oliveira CMB, Sokata RK, Issy AM, Gerola LR, Salomão R. Citocinas e dor. Revista Brasileira de Anestesiologia. 2011; 61(2): 255-265.
24. Varellal PV, Forte WCN. Citocinas: Revisão. Revista brasileira de alergia Imunopatologia. 2011; 24 (4): 146-154.
25. Sippel C, Bastian RMAM, Giovanella J, Faccin C, Contini V, Del Bosco SM. Processos inflamatórios da obesidade. Revista de atenção à saúde. 2014; 12 (42): 48-56.
26. O´connell EM, Williams M, Holden SL, Biourge V, German AJ. Factors associated with overweight cats successfully completing a diet-basead weight loss programme: an observacional study. BMC Veterinary Research. 2018; 14(1): 2-9.
27. Bland IM, Guthrie-jones A, Taylor RD, Hill J. Dog obesity: Veterinary practices’ and owners’ opinions on cause and management. Preventive Veterinary Medicine. 2010; 94 (3–4): 310–315.
28. Corbee RJ. Obesity in show cats. Journal of animal physiology and animal nutrition. 2014; 98 (6): 1075-1080.
29. Tarkosova D, Story MM, Rand JS, Svoboda M. Feline obesity – prevalence, risk factors, pathogenesis, associated conditions and assessment: a review. Veterinarni Medicine. 2016; 61 (6): 295-307.
30. Verbrugghe, A. Epidemiology of small animal obesity. In: Cline, M.G.; Murphy, M. Obesity in the dog and cat. Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press, 2019.
31. Courcier EA, Mellor DJ, Pendlebury E, Evans C,Yam PS. An investigation into the epidemiology of feline obesity in Great Britain: Results of a cross-sectional study of 47 companion animal practises. The Veterinary Record. 2012; 171 (22): 560-56.
32. Öhlund M, Egenvall A, Fall T, Hansson-hamlin H, Röcklinsberg H, Holst BS. Environmental risk factors for Diabetes Mellitus in Cats. Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine. 2017; 31 (1): 29-35.
33. Russel K, Sabin R, Holt S, Bradley R, Harper EJ. Influence of feeding regimen on body condition in the cat. Journal of small animal practice. 2000; 41(1): 12-17.
34. Coucier EA, O´higgins R, Mellor DJ, Yam PS. Prevalence and risk factors for feline obesity in a first opinion practice in Glasgow, Scotland. Journal of Feline Medicine & Surgery. 2010; 12 (10): 746-753.
35. Peron L, Rahal SC, Castilho MS, Melchert A, Vassalo FG, Mesquita LR, Kano WT. Owner´s perception for detecting feline body condition based on questionnaire and scores. Topics in companion animal medicine. 2016; 31 (3): 122- 124.
36. Sadek T, Hamper B, Horwitz D, Rodan I, Rowe E, Sundahl E. Feline feeding programs Addressing behavioral needs to improve feline health and wellbeing. Journal of feline medicine and surgery. 2018; 20 (11): 1049-1055.
37. Okada, Y., Kobayashi, M., Sawamura, M., Arai, T. Comparison of visceral fat accumulation and metabolome markers among cats of varying BCS and Novel classification of feline obesity and Metabolic Syndrome. Frontiers in Veterinary Science. 2017; 4 (17): 1-9.
38. Frank, N. Equine metabolic syndrome. Vetetinary Clinics North America Equine Practice. 2011; 27 (1): 73–92.
39. Mori N, Kawasumi K, Suzuki T, Yamamoto I, Kobayashi M, Arai T. Establishment of temporary criteria for metabolic syndrome (MS) Diagnosis and Assessment of the occurrence rate of MS in cats. Journal of animal and Veterinary Advances. 2012; 11 (5): 615-617.
40. Parker VJ, Orcutt E, Love L. Pathophysiology of obesity: comorbidities and anesthetic considerations. In: Obesity in the dog and cat. CLINE, M.G.; MURPHY, M. Florida: CRC Press, 2019.
41. Prentki M, Nolan CJ. Islet ß-cell failure in type 2 diabetes. Journal Clinical Investigation. 2006; 116 (7): 1802–1810.
42. Clarke DL, Wrigglesworth D, Holmes K, Hackett R, Michel K. Using environmental and feeding enrichment to facilitate feline weigth loss. Journal of Animal Physiology and Animal Nutrition. 2005; 89 (1-2): 427-427.
43. Henson MS, O’brien TD. Feline models of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Ilar Journal. 2006; 47 (3): 234–42.
44. Henson MS, Hegstad-davies RL, Wang Q, Hardy RM, Armstrong PJ, Jordan K, Johson KH, O´brien TD. Evaluation of plasma islet amyloid polypeptide and serum glucose and insulin concentrations in nondiabetic cats classified by body condition score and in cats with naturally occurring diabetes mellitus. American Journal of Veterinary Research. 2011; 72 (8): 1052–1058.
45. Hoelmkjaer KM, Spodsberg E.-MH, Bjornvad CR. Insulin detemir treatment in diabetic cats in a practice setting. Journal of Feline Mdicine and Surgery. 2015; 17 (2): 144–151.
46. Bennett N, Greco DS, Peterson ME, Kirk C, Mathes M, Fettman MJ. Comparison of a low carbohydrate-low fiber diet and a moderate carbohydrate-high fiber diet in the management of feline diabetes mellitus. Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery. 2006; 8 (2): 73-84.
47. Marshall RD, Rand JS, Morton JM. Treatment of newly diagnosed diabetic cats with glargine insulin improves glycaemic control and results in higher probability of remission than protamine zinc and lente insulins. Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery. 2009; 11 (8): 683-691.
48. Lewitt M, Strage W, Church D. An dividual approach to feline diabetes care: a case report and literature review. Acta Veterinaria Scandinavica. 2016; 58(1): 49-54.
49. Behrend E, Holford A, Lathan P, Rucinsky R, Schulman R. 2018 AAHA Diabetes Management Guidelines for Dogs and Cats. Veterinary practice guidelines. 2018; 54 (1):1-21.
50. Armstrong PJ, Blanchard G. Hepatic lipidosis in cats. Veteterinary Clinics of North America Small Anim Practice. 2009; 39 (3): 599–616.
51. Vasconsellos RS, Borges NC, Carciofi AC. Obesidade em cães e gatos – Elaboração do plano diagnóstico e terapêutico. Jericó MM, Kogika MM, Andrade JP. In: Tratado de medicina interna de cães e gatos. 1ª ed., Rio de Janeiro: Roca, 2015.
52. Defauw PAM, Van de maele I, Duchateau L, Polis IE, Saunders JH, Daminet S. Risk factors and clinical presentation of cats with feline idiopathic cystitis. Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery. 2011; 13 (12): 967–975.
53. Lund HS, Krontveit RI, Halvorsen I, Eggertsdóttir AV. Evaluation of urinalyses from untreated adult cats with lower urinary tract disease and healthy control cats: Predictive abilities and clinical relevance. Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery. 2013; 15 (12): 1086–1097.
54. Butterwick, R. How fat is that cat?. Journal Feline Medicine surgery. 2000; 2 (2): 91-94.
55. Laflamme DP. Understandig and managing obesity in dogs and cats. Veterinary Clinics: Small Animal Practice. 2006; 36 (6): 1283-1295.
56. Wsava. Nutritional Assessment Guidelines. Journal of small animal practice. 2011; 52 (7): 385-396.
57. Premierpet. Guia completo de raças felinas: tudo o que você precisa saber sobre gatos. São Paulo, PremieRpet®, 2013.
58. Santarossa A, Parr JM, Verbrugghe A. The importance of assessing body composition of dogs and cats and methods available for use in clinical practice. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association. 2017; 251 (5): 521-529.
59. Shields M, Tremblay MS, Gorber SC, Janssen I. Abdominal obesity and cardiovascular disease risk factors within body mass index categories. Health Reports. 2012; 23 (2): 7-15.
2. Mentzel RE. Desenvolvimento filogenético do felino doméstico. In: FARACO, C.B.; SOARES, G.M. Fundamentos do comportamento canino e felino. São Paulo: Ed. Medvep, 2013.
3. Abinpet. Associação Brasileira da indústria de produtos para animais de estimação. 2019. Available from: < http://abinpet.org.br/mercado/>.
4. Isfm, Aafp. AAFP and ISFM Feline Environmental Needs Guidelines. Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery. 2013; 15(3):219-230.
5. Hamper B, Bartges J, Kirk C, Witzel A , Murphy M, Raditic D. As necessidades nutricionais únicas do gato – Um carnívoro estrito. In: LITTLE, S. E. O gato- medicina interna. Rio de Janeiro: Roca, 1 edição. 2016.
6. National Research Council. Nutrient Requirements of Dogs and Cats. DC: The National Academy Press: 1st Edition (July 1, 2006), Washington, 2006.
7. Laflamme, D. P. Obesity in dogs and cats: What is wrong with being fat? Journal of Animal Science. 2012; 90 (5): 1653-1662.
8. Murphy, M. Obesity Treatment. Veterinary clinics of north America: small animal practice. 2016; 46 (5):883-898.
9. Mendes-júnior AF, Passos CB, Gáleas MAV, Secchin MC, Aptekmann KP. Prevalência e fatores de risco da obesidade felina em Alegre-ES, Brasil. Semina: Ciências Agrárias, Londrina. 2013; 34 (4):1801-1806.
10. Alves RS, Barbosa RCC, Gheren MW, Silva LE, Souza HJM. Frequência e fatores de risco da obesidade em uma população de gatos domésticos no Rio de Janeiro. Brazilian Journal of Veterinary Medicine. 2017; 39 (1):22-45.
11. Okada Y, Ueno H, Mizorogi T, Ohara K, Kawasumi K, Arai T. Diagnostic criteria for obesity disease in cats. Frontiers in Veterinary Science. 2019; 6(284): 1-5.
12. Fabretti AK, Gomes LA, Kemper DAG, Chaves RO, Kemper B, Pereira PM. Clinical determination of the nutritional status of companion animals. Semina: Ciências Agrárias, Londrina. 2020; 41 (5):1813-1830.
13. Guimarães, ALN, Tudury, EA. Etiologias, conseqüências e tratamentos de obesidades em cães e gatos–revisão. Veterinária Notícias. 2006; 12 (1):29-41.
14. Dodson MV, Hausman GJ, Guan L, Du M, Rasmussen T P, Poulos SP, Mir P, Bergen WG, Fernyhough ME, Mcfarland DC, Rhoads RP, Soret B, Reecy JM, Velleman SG, Jiang Z. Lipid metabolism, adipocyte depot physiology and utilization of meat animals as experimental models for metabolic research. International Journal of Biological Sciences. 2010; 6 (7): 691-699.
15. Lacerda MS, Malheiros GC, Abreu AOW. Tecido adiposo, uma nova visão: as adipocinas e seu papel endócrino. Revista científica da faculdade de medicina. 2016;11 (2): 25-31.
16. Fonseca-alaniz MH, Takada J, Alonso-vale MI, Lima FB. O tecido adiposo como centro regulador do metabolismo. Arquivos Brasileiros de Endocrinologia & metabologia. 2006; 50 (2):216-229.
17. Chaves GV, Mendes MLR, Jacob FRC, Alves SN. A obesidade no gato doméstico – revisão de literatura. Revista clínica veterinária. 2018; 23 (134): 32-46.
18. Zak A, Siwinska N, Elzinga S, Barker VD, Stefaniak T, Schanbacher BJ, Place NJ, Niedzwiedz A, Adams AA. Effects of equine metabolic syndrome on inflamation and acute-phase markers in horses. Domestical Animal Endocrinology. 2020; 72: 1-8.
19. Pöppl A G, Hummel J, Vicente G. Obesidade e Alterações Endócrinas. In: Jennifer Hummel, Gustavo Vicente. (Org.). Tratado de Fisioterapia e Fisiatria de Pequenos Animais. 1ed.São Paulo: Paya. 2018.
20. German AJ, Holden SL, Morris PJ, Biourge V. Comparison of a bioimpedance monitor with dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry for noninvasive estimation of percentage body fat in dogs. American Journal of Veterinary Research. 2010; 71 (4): 393–398.
21. Barbosa RCC, Botelho CFM, Alves RS, Souza HJM. Comparação do índice de massa corporal felino com a concentração plasmática de leptina e escore de condição corporal para o diagnóstico de obesidade em gatos domésticos. Revista Acta scientiaeveterinarie. 2018; 46 (1):1-6.
22. Prado WL, Lofrano MC, Oyama LM, Dâmaso AR. Obesidade e adipocinas inflamatórias: implicações práticas para a prescrição do exercício. Revista brasileira de medicina do esporte. 2009; 15 (5): 378-383.
23. Oliveira CMB, Sokata RK, Issy AM, Gerola LR, Salomão R. Citocinas e dor. Revista Brasileira de Anestesiologia. 2011; 61(2): 255-265.
24. Varellal PV, Forte WCN. Citocinas: Revisão. Revista brasileira de alergia Imunopatologia. 2011; 24 (4): 146-154.
25. Sippel C, Bastian RMAM, Giovanella J, Faccin C, Contini V, Del Bosco SM. Processos inflamatórios da obesidade. Revista de atenção à saúde. 2014; 12 (42): 48-56.
26. O´connell EM, Williams M, Holden SL, Biourge V, German AJ. Factors associated with overweight cats successfully completing a diet-basead weight loss programme: an observacional study. BMC Veterinary Research. 2018; 14(1): 2-9.
27. Bland IM, Guthrie-jones A, Taylor RD, Hill J. Dog obesity: Veterinary practices’ and owners’ opinions on cause and management. Preventive Veterinary Medicine. 2010; 94 (3–4): 310–315.
28. Corbee RJ. Obesity in show cats. Journal of animal physiology and animal nutrition. 2014; 98 (6): 1075-1080.
29. Tarkosova D, Story MM, Rand JS, Svoboda M. Feline obesity – prevalence, risk factors, pathogenesis, associated conditions and assessment: a review. Veterinarni Medicine. 2016; 61 (6): 295-307.
30. Verbrugghe, A. Epidemiology of small animal obesity. In: Cline, M.G.; Murphy, M. Obesity in the dog and cat. Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press, 2019.
31. Courcier EA, Mellor DJ, Pendlebury E, Evans C,Yam PS. An investigation into the epidemiology of feline obesity in Great Britain: Results of a cross-sectional study of 47 companion animal practises. The Veterinary Record. 2012; 171 (22): 560-56.
32. Öhlund M, Egenvall A, Fall T, Hansson-hamlin H, Röcklinsberg H, Holst BS. Environmental risk factors for Diabetes Mellitus in Cats. Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine. 2017; 31 (1): 29-35.
33. Russel K, Sabin R, Holt S, Bradley R, Harper EJ. Influence of feeding regimen on body condition in the cat. Journal of small animal practice. 2000; 41(1): 12-17.
34. Coucier EA, O´higgins R, Mellor DJ, Yam PS. Prevalence and risk factors for feline obesity in a first opinion practice in Glasgow, Scotland. Journal of Feline Medicine & Surgery. 2010; 12 (10): 746-753.
35. Peron L, Rahal SC, Castilho MS, Melchert A, Vassalo FG, Mesquita LR, Kano WT. Owner´s perception for detecting feline body condition based on questionnaire and scores. Topics in companion animal medicine. 2016; 31 (3): 122- 124.
36. Sadek T, Hamper B, Horwitz D, Rodan I, Rowe E, Sundahl E. Feline feeding programs Addressing behavioral needs to improve feline health and wellbeing. Journal of feline medicine and surgery. 2018; 20 (11): 1049-1055.
37. Okada, Y., Kobayashi, M., Sawamura, M., Arai, T. Comparison of visceral fat accumulation and metabolome markers among cats of varying BCS and Novel classification of feline obesity and Metabolic Syndrome. Frontiers in Veterinary Science. 2017; 4 (17): 1-9.
38. Frank, N. Equine metabolic syndrome. Vetetinary Clinics North America Equine Practice. 2011; 27 (1): 73–92.
39. Mori N, Kawasumi K, Suzuki T, Yamamoto I, Kobayashi M, Arai T. Establishment of temporary criteria for metabolic syndrome (MS) Diagnosis and Assessment of the occurrence rate of MS in cats. Journal of animal and Veterinary Advances. 2012; 11 (5): 615-617.
40. Parker VJ, Orcutt E, Love L. Pathophysiology of obesity: comorbidities and anesthetic considerations. In: Obesity in the dog and cat. CLINE, M.G.; MURPHY, M. Florida: CRC Press, 2019.
41. Prentki M, Nolan CJ. Islet ß-cell failure in type 2 diabetes. Journal Clinical Investigation. 2006; 116 (7): 1802–1810.
42. Clarke DL, Wrigglesworth D, Holmes K, Hackett R, Michel K. Using environmental and feeding enrichment to facilitate feline weigth loss. Journal of Animal Physiology and Animal Nutrition. 2005; 89 (1-2): 427-427.
43. Henson MS, O’brien TD. Feline models of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Ilar Journal. 2006; 47 (3): 234–42.
44. Henson MS, Hegstad-davies RL, Wang Q, Hardy RM, Armstrong PJ, Jordan K, Johson KH, O´brien TD. Evaluation of plasma islet amyloid polypeptide and serum glucose and insulin concentrations in nondiabetic cats classified by body condition score and in cats with naturally occurring diabetes mellitus. American Journal of Veterinary Research. 2011; 72 (8): 1052–1058.
45. Hoelmkjaer KM, Spodsberg E.-MH, Bjornvad CR. Insulin detemir treatment in diabetic cats in a practice setting. Journal of Feline Mdicine and Surgery. 2015; 17 (2): 144–151.
46. Bennett N, Greco DS, Peterson ME, Kirk C, Mathes M, Fettman MJ. Comparison of a low carbohydrate-low fiber diet and a moderate carbohydrate-high fiber diet in the management of feline diabetes mellitus. Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery. 2006; 8 (2): 73-84.
47. Marshall RD, Rand JS, Morton JM. Treatment of newly diagnosed diabetic cats with glargine insulin improves glycaemic control and results in higher probability of remission than protamine zinc and lente insulins. Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery. 2009; 11 (8): 683-691.
48. Lewitt M, Strage W, Church D. An dividual approach to feline diabetes care: a case report and literature review. Acta Veterinaria Scandinavica. 2016; 58(1): 49-54.
49. Behrend E, Holford A, Lathan P, Rucinsky R, Schulman R. 2018 AAHA Diabetes Management Guidelines for Dogs and Cats. Veterinary practice guidelines. 2018; 54 (1):1-21.
50. Armstrong PJ, Blanchard G. Hepatic lipidosis in cats. Veteterinary Clinics of North America Small Anim Practice. 2009; 39 (3): 599–616.
51. Vasconsellos RS, Borges NC, Carciofi AC. Obesidade em cães e gatos – Elaboração do plano diagnóstico e terapêutico. Jericó MM, Kogika MM, Andrade JP. In: Tratado de medicina interna de cães e gatos. 1ª ed., Rio de Janeiro: Roca, 2015.
52. Defauw PAM, Van de maele I, Duchateau L, Polis IE, Saunders JH, Daminet S. Risk factors and clinical presentation of cats with feline idiopathic cystitis. Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery. 2011; 13 (12): 967–975.
53. Lund HS, Krontveit RI, Halvorsen I, Eggertsdóttir AV. Evaluation of urinalyses from untreated adult cats with lower urinary tract disease and healthy control cats: Predictive abilities and clinical relevance. Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery. 2013; 15 (12): 1086–1097.
54. Butterwick, R. How fat is that cat?. Journal Feline Medicine surgery. 2000; 2 (2): 91-94.
55. Laflamme DP. Understandig and managing obesity in dogs and cats. Veterinary Clinics: Small Animal Practice. 2006; 36 (6): 1283-1295.
56. Wsava. Nutritional Assessment Guidelines. Journal of small animal practice. 2011; 52 (7): 385-396.
57. Premierpet. Guia completo de raças felinas: tudo o que você precisa saber sobre gatos. São Paulo, PremieRpet®, 2013.
58. Santarossa A, Parr JM, Verbrugghe A. The importance of assessing body composition of dogs and cats and methods available for use in clinical practice. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association. 2017; 251 (5): 521-529.
59. Shields M, Tremblay MS, Gorber SC, Janssen I. Abdominal obesity and cardiovascular disease risk factors within body mass index categories. Health Reports. 2012; 23 (2): 7-15.
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2021-11-08
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Moura de Lima C, Pereira Mendes M, da Silveira Flores AK, Boff GA, Ferraz A, Hoeppner Rondelli MC, de Oliveira Nobre M. OBESITY IN FELINES DOMESTIC: RISK FACTORS, CLINICAL, METABOLIC IMPACTS, DIAGNOSIS AND TREATMENT. RVZ [Internet]. 2021 Nov. 8 [cited 2024 Nov. 24];28:1-15. Available from: https://rvz.emnuvens.com.br/rvz/article/view/591
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