SEROLOGICAL AND MOLECULAR DIAGNOSIS OF Toxoplasma gondii IN NON-HUMAN PRIMATES IN A ZOO

Authors

  • Daniela Barbosa da Silva Departamento de Produção Animal e Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, FMVZ-UNESP, Botucatu, SP
  • Sâmea Fernandes Joaquim Departamento de Produção Animal e Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, FMVZ-UNESP, Botucatu, SP
  • Wesley José dos Santos Departamento de Produção Animal e Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, FMVZ-UNESP, Botucatu, SP
  • Livia Maísa Guiraldi Departamento de Produção Animal e Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, FMVZ-UNESP, Botucatu, SP
  • Maria Fernanda Alves Martin Departamento de Produção Animal e Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, FMVZ-UNESP, Botucatu, SP https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9558-646X
  • Gabriela Pacheco Sanchez Departamento de Produção Animal e Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, FMVZ-UNESP, Botucatu, SP
  • Mirian dos Santos Paixão Marques Departamento de Produção Animal e Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, FMVZ-UNESP, Botucatu, SP
  • Virgínia Bodelão Richini Pereira Instituto Adolfo Lutz, Centro de Laboratórios Regionais, Bauru, SP https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8312-7397
  • Vera Cláudia Lorenzetti Magalhães Curci Instituto Biológico Laboratório Regional de Araçatuba, SP https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3393-0493
  • Suellen Gonçalves Lima Departamento de Produção Animal e Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, FMVZ-UNESP, Botucatu, SP https://orcid.org/0009-0001-9949-8093
  • Gismelli Cristiane Angeluci Departamento de Produção Animal e Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, FMVZ-UNESP, Botucatu, SP https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6540-6050
  • Raquel Cuba Gaspar Departamento de Produção Animal e Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, FMVZ-UNESP, Botucatu, SP https://orcid.org/0009-0000-0021-519X
  • Helio Langoni Departamento de Produção Animal e Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, FMVZ-UNESP, Botucatu, SP https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5127-0762
  • Simone Baldini Lucheis Departamento de Produção Animal e Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, FMVZ-UNESP, Botucatu, SP https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4842-5281

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.35172/rvz.2024.v31.1521

Keywords:

toxoplasmosis, captive primates, serology, risk factors

Abstract

The participation of wild animals as reservoirs or carriers of zoonoses in the wild and captivity is an emerging concern due to the potential for transmission of zoonoses such as toxoplasmosis. This study examined risk factors associated with the prevalence of Toxoplasma gondii in the infection of zoo primates. Serum samples from 43 primates were tested for T. gondii antibodies using three serological techniques: the Modified Agglutination Test (MAT), Immunofluorescence Antibody Test (IFAT); and molecular Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR). Antibodies were found in 37.2% (16/43) of the animals. Among the species, 8/43 were seroreagents according to all three techniques and 8/43 only by the IFAT. No sample was positive according to PCR. The risk factors studied, namely sex, age and category (Old World or Neotropical), were not significant in the statistical analysis (p<0.01). However, other risk factors, such as the food and water supplied and the sand present in the animals’ enclosures, were not analyzed, but have been shown in other studies to be potential causes of high prevalence of antibodies of animals surveyed in zoos. Hence, there is a need for regular monitoring of infection through periodic serological tests, to prevent infection of zoo workers and the visiting public.

References

Muñoz R, Hidalgo-Hermoso E, Fredes F, Alegría-Morán R, Celis S, Ortiz-Tacci C, et al. Serological prevalence and risk factors of Toxoplasma gondii in Zoo Mammals in Chile. Prev Vet Med. 2021 Sep 1;194. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.prevetmed.2021.105445

DUBEY JP. Toxoplasmosis of Animals and Humans. 2nd ed. Dubey J, editor. Boca Raton: CRC Press; 2010.

Paula NF de, Dutra KS, Oliveira AR de, Santos DO dos, Rocha CEV, Vitor RW de A, et al. Host range and susceptibility to Toxoplasma gondii infection in captive Neotropical and Old-world primates. J Med Primatol. 2020 Aug 1;49(4):202-10. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/jmp.12470

Niehaus C, Spínola M, Su C, Rojas N, Rico-Chávez O, Ibarra-Cerdeña CN, et al. Environmental factors associated with Toxoplasma gondii Exposure in Neotropical Primates of Costa Rica. Front Vet Sci. 2020 Oct 22;7. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fvets.2020.583032

Minervino AHH, Cassinelli ABM, de Souza AJS, Alves MM, Soares M do CP, Ferreira DAC, et al. Detection of Toxoplasma gondii antibodies in captive non-human primates in the Amazon region, Brazil. J Med Primatol. 2017 Dec 1;46(6):343-6. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/jmp.12314

Desmonts' And G, Remington2 JS. Direct Agglutination Test for Diagnosis of Toxoplasma Infection: Method for Increasing Sensitivity and Specificity. Vol. 11, Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 1980. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1128/jcm.11.6.562-568.1980

Pimentel JS, Gennari SM, Dubey JP, Marvulo MF, Vasconcellos SA, Morais ZM, et al. Serological survey for toxoplasmosis and leptospirosis in neotropical wild mammals of the Aracaju Zoo, Sergipe. Vol. 29, Bras. 2009. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1590/S0100-736X2009001200010

Pena HFJ, Marvulo MFV, Horta MC, Silva MA, Silva JCR, Siqueira DB, et al. Isolation and genetic characterisation of Toxoplasma gondii from a red-handed howler monkey (Alouatta belzebul), a jaguarundi (Puma yagouaroundi), and a black-eared opossum (Didelphis aurita) from Brazil. Vet Parasitol. 2011 Feb 10;175(3-4):377–81. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vetpar.2010.10.015

Alvarado-Esquivel C, Gayosso-Dominguez EA, Villena I, Dubey JP. Seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii infection in captive mammals in three zoos in Mexico city, Mexico. Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine. 2013 Sep;44(3):803-6. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1638/2013-0032.1

Ferreira DRA, Ribeiro VO, Laroque PO, Wagner PGC, Pinheiro Júnior JW, Silva JCA, et al. Risk factors associated with Toxoplasma gondii infection in captive Sapajus spp. Am J Primatol. 2015 May 1;77(5):558-62. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/ajp.22377

Smith JCR. Toxoplasmosis. In: Cubas ZS, Silva JCR, Catao Dias JL, editors. Wildlife Treaty. São Paulo: Roca; 2006. pp. 768-84.

Da Silva RC, Langoni H, Su C, Da Silva AV. Genotypic characterization of Toxoplasma gondii in sheep from Brazilian slaughterhouses: New atypical genotypes and the clonal type II strain identified. Vet Parasitol. 2011;175(1-2):173-7. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vetpar.2010.09.021

Camargo M. Fluorescent antibody test for the serodiagnosis of American trypanosomiasis. Technical modification employing preserved culture forms of Trypanosoma cruzi in a slide test. Rev Inst Med Trop. 1966;8:227-34.

Homan W, Vercammen M, Braekeleer J De, Verschueren H. Identification of a 200-to 300-fold repetitive 529bp DNA fragment in Toxoplasma gondii and its use for diagnostic and quantitative PCR. Int J Parasitol. 2000;30:69-75. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0020-7519(99)00170-8

Dubey JP, Murata FHA, Cerqueira-Cézar CK, Kwok OCH, Yang Y, Su C. Recent epidemiologic, clinical, and genetic diversity of Toxoplasma gondii infections in non-human primates. Vol. 136, Research in Veterinary Science. Elsevier B.V.; 2021. pp. 631-41. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rvsc.2021.04.017

Grumann MR, Da Silva Z, Son JRS, Costa MM, Vieira MIB, Da Motta AC. Immunohistochemical and serological aspects of Toxoplasma gondii infection in Neotropical primates. Semi:Agricultural Sciences. 2017 May 1;38(3):1375-82. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5433/1679-0359.2017v38n3p1375

Silva RC da, Machado GP, Cruvinel TM de A, Cruvinel CA, Langoni H. Frequency of Toxoplasma gondii antibodies in tufted capuchin monkeys (Cebus apella nigritus) from an ecological station in the State of São Paulo, Brazil. Pesq Vet Bras. 2013;33(2):251-3. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1590/S0100-736X2013000200019

Cano-Terriza D, Almería S, Caballero-Gómez J, Díaz-Cao JoséM, Jiménez-Ruiz S, Dubey JP, et al. Serological survey of Toxoplasma gondii in captive nonhuman primates in zoos in Spain. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis. 2019 Aug;65:54-7. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cimid.2019.04.002

Akue JP, Tomo NE, Badiambile J, Moukana H, Mbou-Mountsimbi RA, Ngoubangoye B. Seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii and Neospora caninum in non-human primates at a primate center at Franceville, Gabon. Journal of Parasitology and Vector Biology [Internet]. 2018;10(1):1–7. Available from: http://www.academicjournals.org/JPVB

Villar-Echarte G, Arruda IF, Barbosa A da S, Guzmán RG, Augusto AM, Troccoli F, et al. Toxoplasma gondii among captive wild mammals in zoos in Brazil and Cuba: seroprevalence and associated risk factors. Brazilian Journal of Veterinary Parasitology. 2021;30(2). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1590/s1984-29612021053

Xin S, Jiang N, Yang L, Zhu N, Huang W, Li J, et al. Isolation, genotyping and virulence determination of a Toxoplasma gondii strain from non-human primate from China. Transbound Emerg dis. 2022 Mar 1;69(2):919-25. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/tbed.14047

Downloads

Published

2024-05-09

How to Cite

1.
Barbosa da Silva D, Fernandes Joaquim S, José dos Santos W, Guiraldi LM, Alves Martin MF, Pacheco Sanchez G, dos Santos Paixão Marques M, Bodelão Richini Pereira V, Lorenzetti Magalhães Curci VC, Gonçalves Lima S, Angeluci GC, Cuba Gaspar R, Langoni H, Baldini Lucheis S. SEROLOGICAL AND MOLECULAR DIAGNOSIS OF Toxoplasma gondii IN NON-HUMAN PRIMATES IN A ZOO. RVZ [Internet]. 2024 May 9 [cited 2024 Dec. 3];31:1-10. Available from: https://rvz.emnuvens.com.br/rvz/article/view/1521

Issue

Vol. 31 (2024): Veterinária e Zootecnia

Section

Original Articles

License

Licença Creative Commons
Este obra está licenciado com uma Licença Creative Commons Atribuição-NãoComercial 4.0 Internacional.

Most read articles by the same author(s)

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 > >>